Physics Essentials: Over 1000 Q&A for Students and Enthusiasts

Introduction

Physics is the study of the fundamental principles that govern the natural world, from the tiniest subatomic particles to the vastness of the cosmos. This collection of questions and answers is designed to guide learners at all levels—beginners, advanced students, and enthusiasts—through the core concepts and intriguing complexities of physics. Covering a diverse range of topics including mechanics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, optics, quantum mechanics, and nuclear physics, this compilation serves as both a learning tool and a challenging resource for self-assessment.

Mechanics

What is the SI unit of force? a) Joule
b) Pascal
c) Newton
d) Watt
Answer: c) Newton

What is the acceleration due to gravity on Earth? a) 9.8 m/s²
b) 10 m/s²
c) 12 m/s²
d) 15 m/s²
Answer: a) 9.8 m/s²

Which law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction? a) Newton's First Law
b) Newton's Second Law
c) Newton's Third Law
d) Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
Answer: c) Newton's Third Law

In uniform circular motion, which physical quantity remains constant? a) Speed
b) Velocity
c) Acceleration
d) Displacement
Answer: a) Speed

The momentum of an object is the product of its: a) Mass and velocity
b) Mass and acceleration
c) Force and time
d) Force and displacement
Answer: a) Mass and velocity

Thermodynamics

Which of the following is an intensive property? a) Volume
b) Mass
c) Temperature
d) Internal energy
Answer: c) Temperature

The first law of thermodynamics is based on the law of: a) Conservation of mass
b) Conservation of energy
c) Conservation of momentum
d) Conservation of charge
Answer: b) Conservation of energy

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C is called: a) Specific heat
b) Calorie
c) Heat capacity
d) Latent heat
Answer: b) Calorie

Which process is used to transfer heat in solids? a) Convection
b) Radiation
c) Conduction
d) Evaporation
Answer: c) Conduction

What is the efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between 400 K and 300 K? a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 75%
d) 100%
Answer: a) 25%

Electromagnetism

The SI unit of electric current is: a) Ohm
b) Volt
c) Ampere
d) Coulomb
Answer: c) Ampere

The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid carrying current is: a) Zero
b) Uniform
c) Non-uniform
d) Inversely proportional to the current
Answer: b) Uniform

What is the power dissipated by a resistor with a resistance of 10 ohms when a current of 2 A flows through it? a) 20 W
b) 40 W
c) 60 W
d) 80 W
Answer: b) 40 W

The force experienced by a charged particle moving in a magnetic field is maximum when the angle between velocity and the magnetic field is: a) 0°
b) 45°
c) 90°
d) 180°
Answer: c) 90°

What is the SI unit of electric charge? a) Farad
b) Coulomb
c) Ampere
d) Henry
Answer: b) Coulomb

Optics

Which of the following is a property of light waves? a) Longitudinal
b) Transverse
c) Rotational
d) Convergent
Answer: b) Transverse

The speed of light in vacuum is approximately: a) 3 × 10⁶ m/s
b) 3 × 10⁷ m/s
c) 3 × 10⁸ m/s
d) 3 × 10⁹ m/s
Answer: c) 3 × 10⁸ m/s

Which phenomenon explains the blue color of the sky? a) Diffraction
b) Interference
c) Scattering
d) Reflection
Answer: c) Scattering

Which law states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection? a) Snell's Law
b) Law of Refraction
c) Law of Reflection
d) Fermat's Principle
Answer: c) Law of Reflection

In which type of lens is light converged to a point? a) Concave lens
b) Convex lens
c) Cylindrical lens
d) Bifocal lens
Answer: b) Convex lens

Mechanics

A body is said to be in equilibrium if: a) Net force on the body is zero
b) Net force on the body is non-zero
c) Body is accelerating
d) The body is stationary
Answer: a) Net force on the body is zero



The unit of work is: a) Joule
b) Newton
c) Pascal
d) Coulomb
Answer: a) Joule

The escape velocity from Earth's surface is about: a) 11.2 km/s
b) 8.9 km/s
c) 5.5 km/s
d) 12.5 km/s
Answer: a) 11.2 km/s

Which of the following quantities is scalar? a) Displacement
b) Velocity
c) Force
d) Speed
Answer: d) Speed

Which of the following best defines inertia? a) The tendency of an object to resist acceleration
b) The resistance of an object to a change in its velocity
c) The force that changes the motion of an object
d) The capacity to do work
Answer: b) The resistance of an object to a change in its velocity



The unit of power is: a) Joule
b) Watt
c) Newton
d) Pascal
Answer: b) Watt

If an object moves with a constant speed in a circular path, what is its acceleration? a) Zero
b) Radial
c) Centripetal
d) Tangential
Answer: c) Centripetal

A car moving at 60 km/h takes 5 seconds to stop after the brakes are applied. What is the magnitude of its deceleration? a) 12 m/s²
b) 3.33 m/s²
c) 5.0 m/s²
d) 16.67 m/s²
Answer: b) 3.33 m/s²

Thermodynamics

What is the second law of thermodynamics? a) Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
b) Heat flows naturally from a hot object to a cold one
c) Entropy of an isolated system always decreases
d) Pressure is directly proportional to temperature
Answer: b) Heat flows naturally from a hot object to a cold one

The zeroth law of thermodynamics helps define: a) Work
b) Temperature
c) Pressure
d) Entropy
Answer: b) Temperature

In which process is the internal energy of a gas constant? a) Isobaric
b) Isothermal
c) Isochoric
d) Adiabatic
Answer: b) Isothermal

What is the triple point of water? a) 100°C
b) 0°C
c) 273 K
d) 273.16 K
Answer: d) 273.16 K

Which process occurs at constant pressure? a) Isobaric
b) Isochoric
c) Adiabatic
d) Isothermal
Answer: a) Isobaric

The heat required to change a substance from solid to liquid at constant temperature is called: a) Specific heat
b) Latent heat of fusion
c) Latent heat of vaporization
d) Thermal conductivity
Answer: b) Latent heat of fusion

The efficiency of a heat engine depends on: a) The amount of work done
b) The difference between the hot and cold reservoir temperatures
c) The entropy of the system
d) The input heat
Answer: b) The difference between the hot and cold reservoir temperatures

What is the SI unit of entropy? a) Joule
b) Joule/Kelvin
c) Watt
d) Kelvin
Answer: b) Joule/Kelvin

The process in which no heat is exchanged between the system and its surroundings is called: a) Isothermal
b) Adiabatic
c) Isochoric
d) Isobaric
Answer: b) Adiabatic

In a refrigerator, heat flows: a) From a cold body to a hot body
b) From a hot body to a cold body
c) Without any external work
d) Due to natural processes
Answer: a) From a cold body to a hot body

Electromagnetism

What is the formula for Ohm’s Law? a) V=IRV=IR
b) P=VIP=VI
c) F=qEF=qE
d) F=qvBF=qvB
Answer: a) V=IRV=IR

The SI unit of magnetic flux is: a) Tesla
b) Weber
c) Farad
d) Henry
Answer: b) Weber



The number of electric field lines passing through a given area is called: a) Electric potential
b) Electric flux
c) Magnetic flux
d) Capacitance
Answer: b) Electric flux

The ratio of electric force between two charges to the product of their charges is: a) Electric potential
b) Permittivity
c) Coulomb constant
d) Capacitance
Answer: c) Coulomb constant

Which of the following quantities is a vector? a) Electric field
b) Electric potential
c) Capacitance
d) Resistance
Answer: a) Electric field

What is the unit of capacitance? a) Tesla
b) Weber
c) Farad
d) Henry
Answer: c) Farad

The voltage across a 20-ohm resistor with 5A current is: a) 100V
b) 25V
c) 50V
d) 200V
Answer: a) 100V

The phenomenon where changing magnetic fields induce a voltage in a conductor is called: a) Electrostatic induction
b) Electromagnetic induction
c) Magnetic flux
d) Electrical conduction
Answer: b) Electromagnetic induction

The impedance in an AC circuit is the combination of: a) Resistance and reactance
b) Capacitance and inductance
c) Electric and magnetic fields
d) Voltage and current
Answer: a) Resistance and reactance

Optics

The mirror that always forms a virtual and erect image is: a) Convex mirror
b) Concave mirror
c) Plane mirror
d) Cylindrical mirror
Answer: a) Convex mirror

The focal length of a lens is negative for: a) Convex lens
b) Concave lens
c) Biconvex lens
d) Plano-convex lens
Answer: b) Concave lens

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another is called: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: b) Refraction

The angle of minimum deviation for a prism occurs when: a) Light enters at an angle
b) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of refraction
c) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence
d) The prism is placed in water
Answer: c) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence

A beam of light parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror converges at: a) The center of curvature
b) The principal focus
c) The focal plane
d) The pole of the mirror
Answer: b) The principal focus

Which phenomenon is responsible for the formation of a rainbow? a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Dispersion
d) Diffraction
Answer: c) Dispersion

The phenomenon where light spreads out after passing through a narrow slit is called: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Interference
d) Diffraction
Answer: d) Diffraction

The principle of superposition is applied to explain: a) Interference
b) Reflection
c) Refraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: a) Interference

Which of the following wavelengths of light has the highest energy? a) Red
b) Yellow
c) Green
d) Violet
Answer: d) Violet

The speed of light in a medium with a refractive index nn is given by: a) c/nc/n
b) cncn
c) c+nc+n
d) c−nc−n
Answer: a) c/nc/n

A converging lens is another name for: a) Concave lens
b) Convex lens
c) Cylindrical lens
d) Diverging lens
Answer: b) Convex lens

Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from: a) Denser to rarer medium
b) Rarer to denser medium
c) Vacuum to air
d) Air to water
Answer: a) Denser to rarer medium

What type of mirror is used in vehicle side mirrors? a) Concave mirror
b) Convex mirror
c) Plane mirror
d) Cylindrical mirror
Answer: b) Convex mirror

Modern Physics

The energy of a photon is proportional to: a) Its wavelength
b) Its amplitude
c) Its frequency
d) The speed of light
Answer: c) Its frequency

Which of the following is NOT a type of radioactive decay? a) Alpha decay
b) Beta decay
c) Gamma decay
d) Neutron decay
Answer: d) Neutron decay

Who proposed the quantum theory of light? a) Isaac Newton
b) Max Planck
c) Albert Einstein
d) Niels Bohr
Answer: b) Max Planck

The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time taken for: a) The entire substance to decay
b) Half of the substance to decay
c) Half of the atoms to double
d) The substance to stop emitting radiation
Answer: b) Half of the substance to decay

The phenomenon of emission of electrons when light shines on a material is called: a) Photoelectric effect
b) Compton effect
c) Pair production
d) Diffraction
Answer: a) Photoelectric effect

The mass-energy equivalence formula was derived by: a) Isaac Newton
b) Albert Einstein
c) Niels Bohr
d) J.J. Thomson
Answer: b) Albert Einstein

The rest mass of a photon is: a) Zero
b) Finite but very small
c) Infinite
d) Negative
Answer: a) Zero

In the Bohr model of the atom, electrons revolve around the nucleus in: a) Elliptical orbits
b) Circular orbits with quantized angular momentum
c) Random orbits
d) Circular orbits with constant energy
Answer: b) Circular orbits with quantized angular momentum

Which particle was discovered using a cathode ray tube? a) Neutron
b) Proton
c) Electron
d) Photon
Answer: c) Electron

The uncertainty principle was formulated by: a) Max Planck
b) Niels Bohr
c) Werner Heisenberg
d) Louis de Broglie
Answer: c) Werner Heisenberg

Waves and Oscillations

The time period of a simple pendulum depends on: a) Mass of the bob
b) Length of the string
c) Amplitude of oscillation
d) Both length and amplitude
Answer: b) Length of the string

Which of the following is a longitudinal wave? a) Light wave
b) Sound wave
c) Water wave
d) Electromagnetic wave
Answer: b) Sound wave

The frequency of a wave is the reciprocal of its: a) Wavelength
b) Speed
c) Period
d) Amplitude
Answer: c) Period

The SI unit of frequency is: a) Hertz
b) Decibel
c) Newton
d) Joule
Answer: a) Hertz

The distance between two consecutive crests of a wave is called its: a) Frequency
b) Amplitude
c) Wavelength
d) Period
Answer: c) Wavelength

The speed of sound is fastest in: a) Air
b) Water
c) Steel
d) Vacuum
Answer: c) Steel

A wave with higher amplitude carries: a) More speed
b) More energy
c) Less energy
d) Less frequency
Answer: b) More energy

The phenomenon of a wave changing its direction when it passes from one medium to another is called: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: b) Refraction

The superposition of two waves with the same frequency and opposite phase results in: a) Constructive interference
b) Destructive interference
c) Refraction
d) Diffraction
Answer: b) Destructive interference

The principle of resonance occurs when: a) The amplitude of an oscillating system increases due to an external periodic force
b) A wave reflects off a boundary
c) The frequency of a system increases continuously
d) The speed of a wave decreases in a medium
Answer: a) The amplitude of an oscillating system increases due to an external periodic force

Nuclear Physics

Which element is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors? a) Uranium
b) Hydrogen
c) Helium
d) Carbon
Answer: a) Uranium

The process of splitting a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei is called: a) Fusion
b) Fission
c) Radioactive decay
d) Beta decay
Answer: b) Fission

The energy released in nuclear fusion comes from: a) Chemical reactions
b) Gravitational forces
c) Conversion of mass into energy
d) Radioactive decay
Answer: c) Conversion of mass into energy

Which of the following is NOT a product of nuclear fission? a) Neutrons
b) Gamma rays
c) Alpha particles
d) Beta particles
Answer: c) Alpha particles

The control rods in a nuclear reactor are used to: a) Increase the speed of the reaction
b) Absorb excess neutrons
c) Provide additional fuel
d) Cool down the reactor
Answer: b) Absorb excess neutrons

Which isotope of hydrogen is used in nuclear fusion reactions? a) Protium
b) Deuterium
c) Tritium
d) Helium
Answer: b) Deuterium

The particle emitted during beta decay is: a) Neutron
b) Proton
c) Electron
d) Alpha particle
Answer: c) Electron

The energy produced by the Sun is primarily due to: a) Nuclear fission
b) Nuclear fusion
c) Radioactive decay
d) Chemical reactions
Answer: b) Nuclear fusion

Which of the following particles is responsible for holding the nucleus together? a) Electrons
b) Neutrons
c) Gluons
d) Protons
Answer: c) Gluons

The atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima used which element for nuclear fission? a) Uranium-235
b) Plutonium-239
c) Carbon-14
d) Hydrogen-2
Answer: a) Uranium-235

In a nuclear fusion reaction, two light nuclei combine to form: a) A heavier nucleus
b) Lighter nuclei
c) Neutrons and protons
d) Radioactive isotopes
Answer: a) A heavier nucleus

Relativity

According to Einstein’s theory of relativity, the speed of light in a vacuum is: a) Variable
b) Infinite
c) Constant for all observers
d) Dependent on the observer’s motion
Answer: c) Constant for all observers

The famous equation E=mc2E=mc2 expresses the equivalence of: a) Energy and mass
b) Mass and momentum
c) Energy and velocity
d) Time and space
Answer: a) Energy and mass

Which of the following quantities is affected by relativistic effects when approaching the speed of light? a) Length
b) Time
c) Mass
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

The effect of gravity on light is explained by: a) General relativity
b) Special relativity
c) Quantum mechanics
d) Classical mechanics
Answer: a) General relativity

In the twin paradox of special relativity, the twin who travels at near-light speeds: a) Ages faster than the twin on Earth
b) Ages slower than the twin on Earth
c) Stays the same age as the twin on Earth
d) Experiences no time dilation
Answer: b) Ages slower than the twin on Earth

The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth is: a) 9.8 m/s²
b) 10 m/s²
c) 9.8 km/s²
d) 10 km/s²
Answer: a) 9.8 m/s²

The SI unit of force is: a) Dyne
b) Joule
c) Newton
d) Watt
Answer: c) Newton

Newton's first law of motion is also known as: a) Law of force
b) Law of inertia
c) Law of acceleration
d) Law of reaction
Answer: b) Law of inertia

When a body moves with uniform speed along a circular path, the direction of its acceleration is: a) Tangential
b) Radial
c) Parallel to the velocity
d) Zero
Answer: b) Radial



A particle is moving along a straight line with a constant velocity. What is the net force acting on the particle? a) Zero
b) Constant and non-zero
c) Increasing
d) Decreasing
Answer: a) Zero

The work done on an object is zero if: a) The object is stationary
b) The object moves with constant velocity
c) The force applied and displacement are perpendicular
d) The force applied is zero
Answer: c) The force applied and displacement are perpendicular

The centripetal force on an object moving in a circular path acts: a) Outward from the center
b) Inward toward the center
c) Tangential to the path
d) Perpendicular to the plane
Answer: b) Inward toward the center

The quantity of matter in a body is called its: a) Volume
b) Weight
c) Density
d) Mass
Answer: d) Mass

Which quantity is conserved in an elastic collision? a) Momentum only
b) Kinetic energy only
c) Both momentum and kinetic energy
d) Neither momentum nor kinetic energy
Answer: c) Both momentum and kinetic energy

In projectile motion, the horizontal component of velocity: a) Remains constant
b) Decreases uniformly
c) Increases uniformly
d) Is zero
Answer: a) Remains constant

The power output of a machine is given by: a) Force × time
b) Work done ÷ time
c) Force × displacement
d) Work done ÷ distance
Answer: b) Work done ÷ time

If a person lifts a weight at a constant speed, the net force on the weight is: a) Zero
b) Equal to its weight
c) Greater than its weight
d) Less than its weight
Answer: a) Zero

The unit of linear momentum is: a) kg m/s
b) N m
c) Joule
d) Watt
Answer: a) kg m/s

A geostationary satellite orbits the Earth once every: a) 12 hours
b) 24 hours
c) 48 hours
d) 72 hours
Answer: b) 24 hours

The angle between velocity and acceleration in uniform circular motion is: a) 0°
b) 90°
c) 180°
d) 270°
Answer: b) 90°

The velocity of sound is maximum in: a) Air
b) Water
c) Steel
d) Vacuum
Answer: c) Steel

When a car makes a sharp turn, passengers experience outward motion due to: a) Inertia
b) Friction
c) Centripetal force
d) Momentum
Answer: a) Inertia

When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun moves backward due to: a) Conservation of energy
b) Conservation of momentum
c) Conservation of charge
d) Gravitational force
Answer: b) Conservation of momentum

The period of a simple harmonic oscillator is independent of: a) Amplitude
b) Mass
c) Frequency
d) Length
Answer: a) Amplitude

Thermodynamics

Which law of thermodynamics introduces the concept of entropy? a) First law
b) Second law
c) Third law
d) Zeroth law
Answer: b) Second law

In an isochoric process, the volume of a gas: a) Decreases
b) Increases
c) Remains constant
d) Varies exponentially
Answer: c) Remains constant

What is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure? a) Melting point
b) Boiling point
c) Freezing point
d) Triple point
Answer: b) Boiling point

The Carnot cycle consists of how many processes? a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) Five
Answer: c) Four

The SI unit of thermal conductivity is: a) Joule
b) Watt
c) Watt/meter/Kelvin
d) Joule/meter/Kelvin
Answer: c) Watt/meter/Kelvin

The efficiency of an ideal Carnot engine depends on: a) The amount of work done
b) The temperatures of the heat source and sink
c) The volume of the gas
d) The type of gas used
Answer: b) The temperatures of the heat source and sink

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is: a) Zero
b) Constant
c) Infinite
d) Maximum
Answer: a) Zero

An adiabatic process is one in which: a) Temperature remains constant
b) Pressure remains constant
c) No heat is exchanged with the surroundings
d) Volume remains constant
Answer: c) No heat is exchanged with the surroundings

The heat energy required to change a solid directly into gas is called: a) Latent heat of fusion
b) Latent heat of vaporization
c) Latent heat of sublimation
d) Specific heat
Answer: c) Latent heat of sublimation

The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to: a) Raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C
b) Melt 1 kg of the substance
c) Raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 10°C
d) Vaporize 1 kg of the substance
Answer: a) Raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C

The internal energy of an ideal gas depends on: a) Pressure
b) Temperature
c) Volume
d) Number of moles
Answer: b) Temperature

A process in which no work is done on or by the system is called: a) Adiabatic
b) Isochoric
c) Isobaric
d) Isothermal
Answer: b) Isochoric

The temperature at which water boils under standard atmospheric pressure is: a) 100°F
b) 100°C
c) 273 K
d) 373 K
Answer: d) 373 K

During an isothermal expansion of an ideal gas: a) Temperature increases
b) Temperature decreases
c) Internal energy remains constant
d) Pressure remains constant
Answer: c) Internal energy remains constant

The process of heat transfer through a solid by means of molecular vibration is called: a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Diffusion
Answer: a) Conduction

The gas constant RR in the ideal gas equation is expressed in: a) Joules/mol
b) Joules/mol/K
c) Joules/K
d) Watts/mol
Answer: b) Joules/mol/K

Which of the following is an intensive property? a) Volume
b) Mass
c) Pressure
d) Energy
Answer: c) Pressure

In the Kelvin scale, absolute zero is defined as: a) 0°C
b) -273°C
c) 0 K
d) 273 K
Answer: c) 0 K

The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of: a) Conservation of momentum
b) Conservation of mass
c) Conservation of energy
d) Conservation of temperature
Answer: c) Conservation of energy

The heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1°C is called: a) Latent heat
b) Specific heat capacity
c) Thermal capacity
d) Heat of fusion
Answer: b) Specific heat capacity

The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics defines: a) Internal energy
b) Thermal equilibrium
c) Entropy
d) Work
Answer: b) Thermal equilibrium

Entropy is a measure of: a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Disorder or randomness
d) Internal energy
Answer: c) Disorder or randomness

When a substance undergoes sublimation, it changes directly from: a) Solid to gas
b) Solid to liquid
c) Liquid to gas
d) Gas to liquid
Answer: a) Solid to gas

An example of an adiabatic process is: a) Expansion of gas in a vacuum
b) Isothermal expansion of gas
c) Free expansion of gas in an insulated container
d) Heating water at constant volume
Answer: c) Free expansion of gas in an insulated container

The pressure exerted by an ideal gas is directly proportional to: a) Its volume
b) Its temperature
c) Its mass
d) Its density
Answer: b) Its temperature

Optics

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another is called: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: b) Refraction

The focal length of a convex lens is: a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Infinite
Answer: a) Positive

A real image is formed when: a) Light rays diverge
b) Light rays converge
c) Light rays pass through a concave lens
d) Light rays pass through a plane mirror
Answer: b) Light rays converge

The power of a lens is measured in: a) Meters
b) Diopters
c) Joules
d) Watts
Answer: b) Diopters

When light passes through a prism, it undergoes: a) Dispersion
b) Reflection
c) Diffraction
d) Polarization
Answer: a) Dispersion

The type of lens used to correct myopia (nearsightedness) is: a) Convex lens
b) Concave lens
c) Cylindrical lens
d) Plane mirror
Answer: b) Concave lens

The magnification produced by a plane mirror is: a) +1
b) -1
c) 0
d) Infinity
Answer: a) +1

Which phenomenon causes the twinkling of stars? a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Scattering
Answer: b) Refraction

Which type of lens is thicker in the middle than at the edges? a) Convex lens
b) Concave lens
c) Cylindrical lens
d) Bifocal lens
Answer: a) Convex lens

Light waves are an example of: a) Longitudinal waves
b) Transverse waves
c) Standing waves
d) Mechanical waves
Answer: b) Transverse waves

The color of light with the shortest wavelength is: a) Red
b) Yellow
c) Blue
d) Violet
Answer: d) Violet

Total internal reflection occurs only when light travels from: a) Rarer to denser medium
b) Denser to rarer medium
c) Vacuum to air
d) Air to water
Answer: b) Denser to rarer medium

The speed of light is maximum in: a) Water
b) Air
c) Glass
d) Vacuum
Answer: d) Vacuum

In Young's double-slit experiment, the interference pattern is due to: a) Refraction of light
b) Diffraction of light
c) Polarization of light
d) Superposition of light waves
Answer: d) Superposition of light waves

A concave mirror can form a: a) Virtual, erect, and diminished image
b) Virtual, erect, and enlarged image
c) Real, inverted, and enlarged image
d) Real, inverted, and diminished image
Answer: c) Real, inverted, and enlarged image

The phenomenon responsible for the blue color of the sky is: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Scattering
d) Dispersion
Answer: c) Scattering

The refractive index of a medium is the ratio of the speed of light in: a) The medium to the speed of light in a vacuum
b) A vacuum to the speed of light in the medium
c) The medium to the speed of light in air
d) Air to the speed of light in the medium
Answer: b) A vacuum to the speed of light in the medium

In optics, a lens with a negative focal length is: a) Convex
b) Concave
c) Planar
d) Spherical
Answer: b) Concave

Waves and Oscillations

The frequency of a wave is the number of: a) Wavelengths per unit time
b) Oscillations per second
c) Nodes in a standing wave
d) Crests in a wave
Answer: b) Oscillations per second

The velocity of a wave is given by: a) Frequency × wavelength
b) Wavelength ÷ frequency
c) Amplitude × frequency
d) Frequency ÷ amplitude
Answer: a) Frequency × wavelength

A wave in which particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation is a: a) Transverse wave
b) Longitudinal wave
c) Standing wave
d) Electromagnetic wave
Answer: b) Longitudinal wave

The amplitude of a wave is related to its: a) Frequency
b) Wavelength
c) Energy
d) Speed
Answer: c) Energy

In a standing wave, points where the displacement is always zero are called: a) Antinodes
b) Nodes
c) Crests
d) Troughs
Answer: b) Nodes

A wave in which energy is transferred without any net motion of the medium is called a: a) Longitudinal wave
b) Standing wave
c) Mechanical wave
d) Transverse wave
Answer: d) Transverse wave

Sound waves are: a) Transverse waves
b) Longitudinal waves
c) Electromagnetic waves
d) Standing waves
Answer: b) Longitudinal waves

The wavelength of a wave is: a) The distance between two consecutive crests or troughs
b) The number of waves per unit time
c) The height of the wave
d) The speed of the wave
Answer: a) The distance between two consecutive crests or troughs

In a harmonic oscillator, the restoring force is proportional to: a) Displacement
b) Velocity
c) Mass
d) Acceleration
Answer: a) Displacement

The phenomenon where two waves meet and the resultant wave has greater amplitude than the individual waves is called: a) Destructive interference
b) Constructive interference
c) Diffraction
d) Polarization
Answer: b) Constructive interference

The time taken for one complete oscillation in a periodic motion is called: a) Frequency
b) Wavelength
c) Period
d) Amplitude
Answer: c) Period

The distance traveled by a wave in one period is called: a) Wavelength
b) Amplitude
c) Frequency
d) Velocity
Answer: a) Wavelength

The Doppler effect refers to the change in: a) Amplitude of a wave due to motion
b) Frequency or wavelength of a wave due to relative motion between the source and observer
c) Speed of a wave due to changes in medium
d) Phase of a wave due to motion
Answer: b) Frequency or wavelength of a wave due to relative motion between the source and observer

The phenomenon of sound waves bouncing back after hitting a surface is called: a) Refraction
b) Reflection
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: b) Reflection

The pitch of a sound is determined by its: a) Amplitude
b) Frequency
c) Wavelength
d) Speed
Answer: b) Frequency

Beats are produced when two sound waves of: a) Different frequencies and equal amplitudes interfere
b) Same frequencies and different amplitudes interfere
c) Different wavelengths and same frequencies interfere
d) Same wavelengths and different velocities interfere
Answer: a) Different frequencies and equal amplitudes interfere

In the case of an open-ended organ pipe, the standing wave has: a) A node at the open end
b) An antinode at the open end
c) A node at the middle
d) A node at the closed end
Answer: b) An antinode at the open end

In a wave, the transfer of energy is carried by: a) The motion of individual particles
b) The motion of the medium
c) The oscillation of the wave
d) The propagation of the wave
Answer: d) The propagation of the wave

The speed of sound is greater in: a) Air than in water
b) Water than in air
c) Air than in steel
d) Vacuum
Answer: b) Water than in air

The velocity of a sound wave depends on: a) Frequency
b) Medium
c) Amplitude
d) Wavelength
Answer: b) Medium

Resonance occurs when the frequency of an external force matches the: a) Natural frequency of a system
b) Wavelength of the system
c) Amplitude of oscillation
d) Velocity of the system
Answer: a) Natural frequency of a system

In longitudinal waves, the direction of particle vibration is: a) Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
b) Parallel to the direction of wave propagation
c) At an angle to the direction of wave propagation
d) In a circular motion
Answer: b) Parallel to the direction of wave propagation

Which type of wave does not require a medium to propagate? a) Sound waves
b) Water waves
c) Light waves
d) Seismic waves
Answer: c) Light waves

The superposition of two waves can lead to: a) Only constructive interference
b) Only destructive interference
c) Both constructive and destructive interference
d) Neither constructive nor destructive interference
Answer: c) Both constructive and destructive interference

The amplitude of oscillation in simple harmonic motion is: a) Directly proportional to the velocity
b) Maximum at the mean position
c) Maximum at the extreme position
d) Minimum at the mean position
Answer: c) Maximum at the extreme position

The speed of light in vacuum is: a) 300,000 km/s
b) 299,792 km/s
c) 250,000 km/s
d) 150,000 km/s
Answer: b) 299,792 km/s

In forced oscillations, the amplitude of vibration is maximum when: a) The applied frequency equals the natural frequency of the system
b) The applied frequency is less than the natural frequency
c) The applied frequency is more than the natural frequency
d) There is no external force applied
Answer: a) The applied frequency equals the natural frequency of the system

The unit of frequency is: a) Hertz (Hz)
b) Newton (N)
c) Joule (J)
d) Pascal (Pa)
Answer: a) Hertz (Hz)

A transverse wave can be polarized because its oscillations are: a) Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
b) Parallel to the direction of wave propagation
c) In the same direction as the wave motion
d) Circular in nature
Answer: a) Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation

The period of a pendulum depends on: a) The mass of the bob
b) The length of the string
c) The amplitude of oscillation
d) The material of the string
Answer: b) The length of the string

In a mechanical wave, the energy is transferred through: a) Vibration of particles in a medium
b) Electromagnetic radiation
c) Movement of charges
d) Electric fields
Answer: a) Vibration of particles in a medium

A sound wave is an example of: a) A longitudinal wave
b) A transverse wave
c) An electromagnetic wave
d) A stationary wave
Answer: a) A longitudinal wave

The fundamental frequency of a vibrating string is inversely proportional to: a) The square of the length of the string
b) The length of the string
c) The square root of the length of the string
d) The tension in the string
Answer: b) The length of the string

Which of the following types of waves can travel through a vacuum? a) Mechanical waves
b) Sound waves
c) Electromagnetic waves
d) Surface waves
Answer: c) Electromagnetic waves

In a standing wave, the points of maximum displacement are called: a) Nodes
b) Antinodes
c) Crests
d) Troughs
Answer: b) Antinodes

The natural frequency of a system is the frequency at which it: a) Absorbs maximum energy
b) Produces destructive interference
c) Oscillates without any external force
d) Produces no vibration
Answer: c) Oscillates without any external force

The intensity of a wave is proportional to: a) The square of its amplitude
b) The wavelength of the wave
c) The frequency of the wave
d) The velocity of the wave
Answer: a) The square of its amplitude

Electromagnetism

The unit of electric charge is: a) Volt
b) Coulomb
c) Ampere
d) Ohm
Answer: b) Coulomb

The force between two point charges varies with: a) The sum of the charges
b) The product of the charges
c) The square of the distance between the charges
d) The distance between the charges
Answer: b) The product of the charges

Electric current is defined as: a) Flow of protons
b) Flow of electrons
c) Rate of flow of electric charge
d) Flow of neutrons
Answer: c) Rate of flow of electric charge

The direction of the magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor can be determined by: a) Fleming’s left-hand rule
b) Right-hand thumb rule
c) Lenz’s law
d) Ampere’s circuital law
Answer: b) Right-hand thumb rule

The SI unit of magnetic field strength is: a) Tesla
b) Gauss
c) Newton
d) Weber
Answer: a) Tesla

The resistance of a conductor depends on: a) Its length and cross-sectional area
b) Its mass and volume
c) Its density and temperature
d) The current through it
Answer: a) Its length and cross-sectional area

The law that relates voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit is: a) Faraday’s law
b) Ohm’s law
c) Coulomb’s law
d) Gauss’s law
Answer: b) Ohm’s law

The magnetic field at the center of a circular loop carrying current is: a) Zero
b) Directly proportional to the radius of the loop
c) Inversely proportional to the radius of the loop
d) Directly proportional to the current
Answer: d) Directly proportional to the current

In a transformer, the voltage across the primary and secondary coils is related by the: a) Number of turns in the coils
b) Thickness of the coils
c) Current through the coils
d) Resistance of the coils
Answer: a) Number of turns in the coils

The induced electromotive force (EMF) in a coil due to a changing magnetic field is given by: a) Lenz’s law
b) Ohm’s law
c) Faraday’s law
d) Coulomb’s law
Answer: c) Faraday’s law

The power dissipated in a resistor is given by the formula: a) V2/RV2/R
b) I2/RI2/R
c) I2RI2R
d) V2IV2I
Answer: c) I2RI2R

The capacitance of a capacitor is increased by: a) Decreasing the area of the plates
b) Increasing the distance between the plates
c) Inserting a dielectric material between the plates
d) Removing the dielectric material
Answer: c) Inserting a dielectric material between the plates

The direction of induced current in a coil due to a changing magnetic flux is given by: a) Lenz’s law
b) Faraday’s law
c) Ampere’s law
d) Biot-Savart law
Answer: a) Lenz’s law

The SI unit of inductance is: a) Weber
b) Henry
c) Tesla
d) Joule
Answer: b) Henry

The potential difference across a resistor in a series circuit is: a) The same across all resistors
b) Proportional to the current
c) Proportional to the resistance
d) Zero
Answer: c) Proportional to the resistance

The electrical resistance of a wire increases when: a) Its length decreases
b) Its thickness increases
c) Its temperature increases
d) Its cross-sectional area increases
Answer: c) Its temperature increases

The work done in moving a charge qq across a potential difference VV is given by: a) W=qVW=qV
b) W=q2VW=q2V
c) W=q/VW=q/V
d) W=V2/qW=V2/q
Answer: a) W=qVW=qV

The force experienced by a moving charge in a magnetic field is: a) Parallel to the magnetic field
b) Perpendicular to the magnetic field and the velocity of the charge
c) In the same direction as the velocity of the charge
d) Zero
Answer: b) Perpendicular to the magnetic field and the velocity of the charge

The total resistance in a parallel circuit is: a) The sum of the individual resistances
b) Always greater than the largest individual resistance
c) Always less than the smallest individual resistance
d) Equal to the average of the resistances
Answer: c) Always less than the smallest individual resistance

The unit of electric potential is: a) Ampere
b) Volt
c) Coulomb
d) Ohm
Answer: b) Volt

In a purely capacitive AC circuit, the current: a) Lags behind the voltage by 90°
b) Leads the voltage by 90°
c) Is in phase with the voltage
d) Leads the voltage by 180°
Answer: b) Leads the voltage by 90°

An electric field between two charges is inversely proportional to: a) The square of the distance between the charges
b) The distance between the charges
c) The product of the charges
d) The sum of the charges
Answer: a) The square of the distance between the charges



The unit of electric field strength is: a) Newton
b) Coulomb
c) Volt/meter
d) Joule
Answer: c) Volt/meter

When an electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field, it experiences: a) Only a force
b) Only a torque
c) Both a force and a torque
d) Neither a force nor a torque
Answer: b) Only a torque

A current-carrying solenoid produces: a) A uniform electric field
b) A uniform magnetic field inside the solenoid
c) A non-uniform magnetic field
d) No magnetic field
Answer: b) A uniform magnetic field inside the solenoid

The net charge on a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium is: a) Distributed uniformly throughout the conductor
b) Zero
c) Located on the surface of the conductor
d) Concentrated at the center
Answer: c) Located on the surface of the conductor

Gauss's law states that the electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to: a) The charge enclosed by the surface
b) The surface area of the conductor
c) The potential difference across the surface
d) The electric field at the surface
Answer: a) The charge enclosed by the surface

Kirchhoff’s junction rule is based on the conservation of: a) Energy
b) Charge
c) Momentum
d) Mass
Answer: b) Charge

The magnetic flux through a surface is defined as: a) The product of the magnetic field and the surface area
b) The product of the magnetic field and the surface area perpendicular to the field
c) The sum of the magnetic fields through the surface
d) The force per unit area due to the magnetic field
Answer: b) The product of the magnetic field and the surface area perpendicular to the field

The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of: a) Conservation of mass
b) Conservation of momentum
c) Conservation of energy
d) Conservation of charge
Answer: c) Conservation of energy

The process in which no heat is exchanged with the surroundings is called: a) Isothermal
b) Adiabatic
c) Isochoric
d) Isobaric
Answer: b) Adiabatic

The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as: a) The heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass by 1°C
b) The heat required to change the temperature of 1 kg by 1 K
c) The heat required to convert a solid into a liquid
d) The heat required to vaporize a liquid
Answer: b) The heat required to change the temperature of 1 kg by 1 K

In an isothermal process, the temperature of a gas: a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains constant
d) Increases or decreases depending on the pressure
Answer: c) Remains constant

In an adiabatic expansion, the temperature of a gas: a) Remains constant
b) Increases
c) Decreases
d) Increases or decreases depending on the pressure
Answer: c) Decreases

The SI unit of heat energy is: a) Calorie
b) Joule
c) Watt
d) Kilowatt-hour
Answer: b) Joule

The zeroth law of thermodynamics deals with: a) Heat transfer
b) Thermal equilibrium
c) Conservation of energy
d) Entropy
Answer: b) Thermal equilibrium

The efficiency of a Carnot engine depends on: a) The working substance of the engine
b) The temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs
c) The pressure in the engine
d) The specific heat capacity of the gas
Answer: b) The temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs

The second law of thermodynamics states that: a) Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
b) The total entropy of an isolated system always increases
c) Work can be converted completely into heat
d) Heat flows from cold objects to hot objects
Answer: b) The total entropy of an isolated system always increases

Heat transfer in a fluid occurs by the process of: a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Absorption
Answer: b) Convection

In an isobaric process, the pressure: a) Remains constant
b) Increases
c) Decreases
d) Changes according to temperature
Answer: a) Remains constant

Entropy is a measure of: a) The amount of energy available for work
b) The disorder or randomness in a system
c) The temperature of a system
d) The pressure of a gas
Answer: b) The disorder or randomness in a system

Latent heat of fusion is the heat required to: a) Convert a solid into a liquid at constant temperature
b) Convert a liquid into a solid
c) Convert a liquid into a gas
d) Convert a gas into a liquid
Answer: a) Convert a solid into a liquid at constant temperature

The process in which a liquid changes into a gas at a temperature below its boiling point is called: a) Evaporation
b) Sublimation
c) Vaporization
d) Condensation
Answer: a) Evaporation

When a gas undergoes a cyclic process, the change in its internal energy over one complete cycle is: a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Infinite
Answer: c) Zero

The relation between pressure, volume, and temperature for an ideal gas is given by: a) Boyle’s law
b) Charles’s law
c) The ideal gas law
d) Avogadro’s law
Answer: c) The ideal gas law

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure is called: a) Freezing point
b) Boiling point
c) Critical point
d) Triple point
Answer: b) Boiling point

The area under a PV diagram represents: a) The internal energy of the gas
b) The work done by the gas
c) The heat added to the gas
d) The temperature of the gas
Answer: b) The work done by the gas

For an ideal gas, the internal energy depends only on: a) Pressure
b) Volume
c) Temperature
d) Density
Answer: c) Temperature

The critical temperature of a substance is the temperature: a) At which a liquid boils
b) At which a solid melts
c) Above which a gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone
d) At which a gas condenses
Answer: c) Above which a gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone

Thermal radiation is a type of energy transfer that occurs: a) Through the motion of particles in a medium
b) Due to the direct contact of materials
c) Via electromagnetic waves
d) In the form of a mechanical wave
Answer: c) Via electromagnetic waves

In an isochoric process, the: a) Volume remains constant
b) Temperature remains constant
c) Pressure remains constant
d) Entropy remains constant
Answer: a) Volume remains constant

The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which: a) Only the solid phase exists
b) Only the liquid phase exists
c) Solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist in equilibrium
d) The substance changes directly from solid to gas
Answer: c) Solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist in equilibrium

The temperature gradient in heat conduction is defined as: a) The change in temperature per unit time
b) The change in temperature per unit distance
c) The ratio of heat energy to temperature
d) The amount of heat energy transferred
Answer: b) The change in temperature per unit distance

The phenomenon where heat energy is radiated in the form of electromagnetic waves is called: a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Emission
Answer: c) Radiation

For a given substance, the ratio of heat added to a system and the change in temperature is known as: a) Latent heat
b) Specific heat capacity
c) Thermal conductivity
d) Heat flux
Answer: b) Specific heat capacity

The second law of thermodynamics implies that: a) Heat flows spontaneously from a colder to a hotter object
b) The entropy of a closed system never decreases
c) The energy of an isolated system is conserved
d) The work done in a cyclic process is always zero
Answer: b) The entropy of a closed system never decreases

A black body is an idealized object that: a) Reflects all radiation
b) Absorbs all radiation falling on it
c) Emits no radiation
d) Partially absorbs and reflects radiation
Answer: b) Absorbs all radiation falling on it

The internal energy of a system includes: a) Only the kinetic energy of the molecules
b) Only the potential energy of the molecules
c) Both kinetic and potential energy of the molecules
d) The mechanical work done by the system
Answer: c) Both kinetic and potential energy of the molecules

The thermal conductivity of a material refers to its ability to: a) Resist heat transfer
b) Absorb heat energy
c) Conduct heat energy
d) Reflect heat energy
Answer: c) Conduct heat energy

Optics and Wave Motion

The speed of light in a vacuum is: a) 3×108 m/s3×108m/s
b) 3×106 m/s3×106m/s
c) 3×105 m/s3×105m/s
d) 3×104 m/s3×104m/s
Answer: a) 3×108 m/s3×108m/s

A convex lens is also known as: a) Diverging lens
b) Converging lens
c) Cylindrical lens
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Converging lens

The unit of frequency is: a) Hertz
b) Joule
c) Meter
d) Watt
Answer: a) Hertz

Snell's law relates to: a) Reflection of light
b) Refraction of light
c) Dispersion of light
d) Diffraction of light
Answer: b) Refraction of light

In a double-slit experiment, the interference pattern depends on: a) The wavelength of light
b) The distance between the slits
c) The distance between the screen and the slits
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation is called a: a) Transverse wave
b) Longitudinal wave
c) Stationary wave
d) Electromagnetic wave
Answer: b) Longitudinal wave

The principle of superposition states that: a) The total energy of two interacting waves is always zero
b) The resultant displacement is the sum of the individual displacements
c) Waves do not interfere with each other
d) Waves traveling in opposite directions cancel each other out
Answer: b) The resultant displacement is the sum of the individual displacements

The phenomenon of light bending around obstacles is known as: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Polarization
Answer: c) Diffraction

In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at: a) Different speeds depending on frequency
b) The same speed, which is the speed of light
c) A speed slower than the speed of light
d) The speed of sound
Answer: b) The same speed, which is the speed of light

The focal length of a concave lens is: a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Infinite
Answer: b) Negative

The angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90° is called: a) Brewster's angle
b) Critical angle
c) Angle of polarization
d) Angle of reflection
Answer: b) Critical angle

The ability of a lens to converge or diverge light is measured by its: a) Radius of curvature
b) Magnification
c) Focal length
d) Power
Answer: d) Power

The unit of power of a lens is: a) Diopter
b) Meter
c) Hertz
d) Candela
Answer: a) Diopter

The wavelength of visible light lies between: a) 100 nm to 400 nm
b) 400 nm to 700 nm
c) 700 nm to 1000 nm
d) 10 nm to 100 nm
Answer: b) 400 nm to 700 nm

When light passes from a denser to a rarer medium, it: a) Bends toward the normal
b) Bends away from the normal
c) Travels in a straight line
d) Is reflected back
Answer: b) Bends away from the normal

The type of image formed by a plane mirror is: a) Real and inverted
b) Virtual and inverted
c) Real and upright
d) Virtual and upright
Answer: d) Virtual and upright

A substance that absorbs all the wavelengths of visible light appears: a) White
b) Black
c) Red
d) Blue
Answer: b) Black

The phenomenon responsible for the blue color of the sky is: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Dispersion
d) Scattering
Answer: d) Scattering

The energy of a photon is proportional to its: a) Wavelength
b) Amplitude
c) Frequency
d) Speed
Answer: c) Frequency

A concave mirror forms a real image when the object is placed: a) At the focal point
b) Between the focal point and the mirror
c) Beyond the focal point
d) Between the focal point and the center of curvature
Answer: c) Beyond the focal point

Total internal reflection occurs when light: a) Travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium and the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
b) Travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium
c) Hits a boundary at a 90° angle
d) Is absorbed by the surface
Answer: a) Travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium and the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle

In the electromagnetic spectrum, X-rays have: a) The longest wavelength
b) The shortest wavelength
c) Wavelength longer than radio waves
d) Wavelength shorter than ultraviolet rays
Answer: d) Wavelength shorter than ultraviolet rays

The wave nature of light is demonstrated by: a) Photoelectric effect
b) Diffraction and interference
c) Compton effect
d) Black body radiation
Answer: b) Diffraction and interference

The refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of: a) The speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in that medium
b) The frequency of light in a vacuum to the frequency in that medium
c) The wavelength of light in that medium to the wavelength in a vacuum
d) The speed of light in that medium to the speed of sound in that medium
Answer: a) The speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in that medium

The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its component colors is called: a) Reflection
b) Dispersion
c) Refraction
d) Diffraction
Answer: b) Dispersion

The type of mirror used in car headlights is: a) Convex
b) Concave
c) Plane
d) Parabolic
Answer: b) Concave

A sound wave is an example of a: a) Transverse wave
b) Longitudinal wave
c) Electromagnetic wave
d) Standing wave
Answer: b) Longitudinal wave

The speed of sound is fastest in: a) Air
b) Water
c) Steel
d) Vacuum
Answer: c) Steel

The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of a wave due to: a) The amplitude of the wave
b) The motion of the source or observer
c) The medium through which the wave travels
d) The wavelength of the wave
Answer: b) The motion of the source or observer

The unit of wavelength is: a) Meter
b) Second
c) Newton
d) Watt
Answer: a) Meter

A convex mirror always forms: a) A real image
b) An inverted image
c) A virtual, upright, and diminished image
d) A magnified image
Answer: c) A virtual, upright, and diminished image



Which of the following electromagnetic waves has the lowest frequency? a) Gamma rays
b) X-rays
c) Visible light
d) Radio waves
Answer: d) Radio waves

Electricity and Magnetism

Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the: a) Voltage across the two points
b) Resistance of the conductor
c) Power consumed
d) Temperature of the conductor
Answer: a) Voltage across the two points

The SI unit of electric charge is: a) Coulomb
b) Ampere
c) Volt
d) Watt
Answer: a) Coulomb

Which of the following is a vector quantity? a) Electric charge
b) Current
c) Voltage
d) Electric field
Answer: d) Electric field

The resistance of a conductor is influenced by: a) Length and cross-sectional area only
b) Temperature and material properties only
c) Length, cross-sectional area, and temperature
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Length, cross-sectional area, and temperature

Capacitance is defined as: a) The ability to store charge per unit voltage
b) The ability to conduct electricity
c) The resistance to the flow of current
d) The potential difference across two points
Answer: a) The ability to store charge per unit voltage

The unit of capacitance is: a) Henry
b) Farad
c) Joule
d) Volt
Answer: b) Farad

The electric field inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium is: a) Zero
b) Positive
c) Negative
d) Varies with distance
Answer: a) Zero

The right-hand rule is used to determine: a) The direction of electric current
b) The direction of magnetic field lines
c) The direction of force on a charged particle in a magnetic field
d) The direction of heat transfer
Answer: c) The direction of force on a charged particle in a magnetic field

A material that allows electric charges to flow easily is called: a) Insulator
b) Conductor
c) Semiconductor
d) Resistor
Answer: b) Conductor

The total resistance in a series circuit is: a) The sum of the individual resistances
b) The product of the individual resistances
c) The average of the individual resistances
d) Zero
Answer: a) The sum of the individual resistances

What is the function of a fuse in an electrical circuit? a) To increase voltage
b) To decrease current
c) To provide a path for current
d) To protect the circuit from overload
Answer: d) To protect the circuit from overload

The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is primarily associated with: a) Moving charges
b) Changing magnetic fields
c) Static electricity
d) Conductors
Answer: b) Changing magnetic fields

The potential difference across a capacitor is related to: a) Current and resistance
b) Charge and capacitance
c) Voltage and power
d) Energy and distance
Answer: b) Charge and capacitance

An inductor resists changes in: a) Voltage
b) Current
c) Power
d) Resistance
Answer: b) Current

The formula for electrical power in a circuit is given by: a) P=IVP=IV
b) P=I2RP=I2R
c) P=V2RP=RV2​
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

When two charges are brought closer together, the force between them will: a) Always increase
b) Always decrease
c) Increase if they have the same sign, decrease if they have opposite signs
d) Decrease if they have the same sign, increase if they have opposite signs
Answer: c) Increase if they have the same sign, decrease if they have opposite signs

The magnetic field lines around a current-carrying wire form: a) Straight lines
b) Circular loops
c) Parallel lines
d) Diverging rays
Answer: b) Circular loops

The law of conservation of charge states that: a) Charge can be created but not destroyed
b) Charge can be destroyed but not created
c) The total charge in an isolated system remains constant
d) Charge can be transformed into energy
Answer: c) The total charge in an isolated system remains constant

An ammeter is used to measure: a) Voltage
b) Current
c) Resistance
d) Capacitance
Answer: b) Current

The equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel is: a) Greater than the smallest resistor
b) Less than the smallest resistor
c) The same as the largest resistor
d) Equal to the sum of all resistances
Answer: b) Less than the smallest resistor

In a closed circuit, the sum of the potential differences is equal to: a) The sum of the currents
b) Zero
c) The sum of the resistances
d) The sum of the power
Answer: b) Zero

What type of material has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator? a) Superconductor
b) Insulator
c) Conductor
d) Semiconductor
Answer: d) Semiconductor

If the capacitance of a capacitor is doubled while the voltage remains constant, the energy stored in the capacitor: a) Doubles
b) Halves
c) Remains the same
d) Quadruples
Answer: a) Doubles

An electric field is defined as the force per unit: a) Charge
b) Area
c) Volume
d) Energy
Answer: a) Charge

The magnetic field strength BB is defined as the force experienced per unit current per unit length and has the unit: a) Tesla
b) Ampere
c) Weber
d) Volt
Answer: a) Tesla

The potential difference between two points in an electric field is equal to: a) Work done per unit charge
b) Charge per unit work done
c) Current times resistance
d) Resistance times voltage
Answer: a) Work done per unit charge

When a dielectric is inserted into a capacitor, its capacitance: a) Decreases
b) Increases
c) Remains the same
d) Becomes infinite
Answer: b) Increases

In an RLC circuit, the resonant frequency depends on: a) Resistance and inductance only
b) Capacitance and inductance only
c) Resistance, inductance, and capacitance
d) Voltage and current
Answer: b) Capacitance and inductance only



The unit of inductance is: a) Henry
b) Farad
c) Ohm
d) Joule
Answer: a) Henry

A voltmeter is connected in: a) Series with the circuit
b) Parallel with the circuit
c) Either series or parallel
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Parallel with the circuit

In a magnetic field, the direction of the force on a moving charge is given by: a) Right-hand rule
b) Left-hand rule
c) Fleming's left-hand rule
d) Fleming's right-hand rule
Answer: d) Fleming's right-hand rule

Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics is essentially a statement of the conservation of: a) Energy
b) Mass
c) Momentum
d) Charge
Answer: a) Energy

The SI unit of temperature is: a) Celsius
b) Fahrenheit
c) Kelvin
d) Joule
Answer: c) Kelvin

In an isothermal process, the temperature of the system: a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains constant
d) Varies randomly
Answer: c) Remains constant

The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratio of: a) Work output to heat input
b) Heat output to work input
c) Work input to heat output
d) Heat input to heat output
Answer: a) Work output to heat input

The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as: a) The amount of heat required to change its temperature by one degree Celsius
b) The heat required to change its phase
c) The heat required to raise its pressure
d) The heat lost when cooling
Answer: a) The amount of heat required to change its temperature by one degree Celsius

In a closed system, during an adiabatic process: a) Heat is transferred to the system
b) Heat is lost from the system
c) No heat is transferred
d) Heat can be gained or lost
Answer: c) No heat is transferred

The term "enthalpy" refers to: a) The total internal energy of a system
b) The internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume
c) The energy required to perform work
d) The energy of a system at absolute zero
Answer: b) The internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume

The process of heat transfer through direct contact is called: a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Insulation
Answer: a) Conduction

The heat transfer through the movement of fluids is known as: a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Sublimation
Answer: b) Convection

The third law of thermodynamics states that: a) Absolute zero cannot be reached
b) Entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero
c) Energy cannot be created or destroyed
d) Heat naturally flows from cold to hot
Answer: b) Entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero

In a Carnot cycle, the efficiency depends on: a) The temperature of the hot reservoir only
b) The temperature of the cold reservoir only
c) Both the hot and cold reservoirs' temperatures
d) The type of working substance used
Answer: c) Both the hot and cold reservoirs' temperatures

The latent heat of fusion is the heat required to: a) Change a solid to a liquid at constant temperature
b) Change a liquid to a gas at constant temperature
c) Change a gas to a liquid at constant temperature
d) Change a liquid to a solid at constant temperature
Answer: a) Change a solid to a liquid at constant temperature

Which of the following processes is exothermic? a) Melting of ice
b) Evaporation of water
c) Combustion of fuel
d) Dissolving salt in water
Answer: c) Combustion of fuel

The change in entropy of the universe is always: a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Constant
Answer: a) Positive

What happens to the pressure of a gas if its volume is reduced while keeping the temperature constant? a) It decreases
b) It remains the same
c) It increases
d) It fluctuates
Answer: c) It increases

The ideal gas law can be expressed as: a) PV=nRTPV=nRT
b) PV=mRTPV=mRT
c) PV=RTPV=RT
d) PV=nRTPV=TnR​
Answer: a) PV=nRTPV=nRT

In an isochoric process, the volume of the system: a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains constant
d) Fluctuates
Answer: c) Remains constant

The term "thermal equilibrium" refers to: a) Equal temperature in different systems
b) Equal pressure in different systems
c) Equal volume in different systems
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Equal temperature in different systems

When a gas expands against a constant external pressure, the work done by the gas is: a) Negative
b) Positive
c) Zero
d) Depends on the temperature
Answer: b) Positive

The temperature at which all molecular motion ceases is known as: a) Absolute zero
b) Freezing point
c) Melting point
d) Boiling point
Answer: a) Absolute zero

Which of the following is NOT a state function? a) Enthalpy
b) Internal energy
c) Work
d) Temperature
Answer: c) Work

The Joule-Thomson effect describes: a) The change in temperature of a real gas when it expands or compresses
b) The change in pressure of a gas when heated
c) The change in volume of a gas at constant pressure
d) The conversion of heat into work
Answer: a) The change in temperature of a real gas when it expands or compresses

The term "heat capacity" refers to: a) The ability of a substance to conduct heat
b) The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance by one degree
c) The heat absorbed during a phase change
d) The heat released during a chemical reaction
Answer: b) The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance by one degree

In a heat engine, the work done is equal to: a) Heat input minus heat output
b) Heat output minus heat input
c) Total heat transferred
d) Total work done on the system
Answer: a) Heat input minus heat output

The process of converting a gas directly into a solid is called: a) Sublimation
b) Condensation
c) Deposition
d) Freezing
Answer: c) Deposition

Waves

The frequency of a wave is defined as: a) The distance between two successive crests
b) The number of wavelengths that pass a point in one second
c) The time taken for one complete wave to pass a point
d) The height of the wave
Answer: b) The number of wavelengths that pass a point in one second

A wave's amplitude is a measure of its: a) Frequency
b) Speed
c) Energy
d) Wavelength
Answer: c) Energy

A sound wave is transmitted through: a) Solid only
b) Liquid only
c) Gas only
d) Solid, liquid, and gas
Answer: d) Solid, liquid, and gas

The Doppler effect causes a change in frequency due to: a) The temperature of the medium
b) The speed of sound in the medium
c) The relative motion between the source and observer
d) The amplitude of the wave
Answer: c) The relative motion between the source and observer

A transverse wave is characterized by: a) Motion of particles parallel to the wave direction
b) Motion of particles perpendicular to the wave direction
c) No particle motion
d) Constant amplitude
Answer: b) Motion of particles perpendicular to the wave direction

The speed of a wave is determined by: a) Frequency and wavelength
b) Amplitude and frequency
c) Wavelength and amplitude
d) Frequency and energy
Answer: a) Frequency and wavelength

Resonance occurs when: a) Waves are absorbed
b) Waves are reflected
c) An object is forced to vibrate at its natural frequency
d) Two waves travel in opposite directions
Answer: c) An object is forced to vibrate at its natural frequency

The principle of superposition applies to: a) Static systems only
b) Dynamic systems only
c) All wave phenomena
d) None of the above
Answer: c) All wave phenomena

The phenomenon of interference occurs when: a) Two or more waves meet
b) Waves are absorbed by a medium
c) Waves reflect off a surface
d) Waves pass through a narrow opening
Answer: a) Two or more waves meet

The wavelength of a wave is: a) The distance between two successive troughs
b) The distance between two successive crests
c) The distance between a crest and a trough
d) Both a and b
Answer: d) Both a and b



The frequency of a wave is measured in: a) Meters
b) Seconds
c) Hertz
d) Joules
Answer: c) Hertz

In a standing wave, nodes are points where: a) Maximum displacement occurs
b) Minimum displacement occurs
c) The wave is reflected
d) Energy is lost
Answer: b) Minimum displacement occurs

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection according to: a) Snell's Law
b) Fermat's Principle
c) The law of reflection
d) The law of refraction
Answer: c) The law of reflection

The phenomenon of diffraction occurs when: a) Waves pass through a narrow opening or around obstacles
b) Waves are reflected off a surface
c) Waves are transmitted through a medium
d) Waves interfere with one another
Answer: a) Waves pass through a narrow opening or around obstacles

The term "phase difference" in wave motion refers to: a) The distance between two waves
b) The time difference between two waves
c) The difference in amplitude of two waves
d) The difference in frequency of two waves
Answer: b) The time difference between two waves

Sound travels fastest in: a) Air
b) Water
c) Steel
d) Vacuum
Answer: c) Steel

The fundamental frequency of a vibrating string is determined by: a) Its length and tension
b) Its length and mass
c) Its tension and temperature
d) Its mass and temperature
Answer: a) Its length and tension

The term "hertz" refers to: a) The unit of energy
b) The unit of frequency
c) The unit of power
d) The unit of pressure
Answer: b) The unit of frequency

The beat frequency is the result of: a) Interference of two waves with different frequencies
b) Interference of two waves with the same frequency
c) The Doppler effect
d) Reflection of sound waves
Answer: a) Interference of two waves with different frequencies

A wave that travels in one direction only is called a: a) Longitudinal wave
b) Transverse wave
c) Plane wave
d) Progressive wave
Answer: d) Progressive wave

When a wave enters a medium at an angle, it changes direction due to: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: b) Refraction

The speed of sound in air at room temperature (20°C) is approximately: a) 340 m/s
b) 1500 m/s
c) 5000 m/s
d) 1000 m/s
Answer: a) 340 m/s

In longitudinal waves, the particles of the medium move: a) Perpendicular to the direction of the wave
b) Parallel to the direction of the wave
c) In circular paths
d) Randomly
Answer: b) Parallel to the direction of the wave

The principle that states energy is conserved in a closed system is known as: a) The law of thermodynamics
b) The law of conservation of momentum
c) The law of conservation of energy
d) The law of conservation of mass
Answer: c) The law of conservation of energy

What type of wave is produced by a vibrating tuning fork? a) Longitudinal wave
b) Transverse wave
c) Electromagnetic wave
d) Sound wave
Answer: d) Sound wave

The phenomenon where light changes direction as it passes from one medium to another is called: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: b) Refraction

In the electromagnetic spectrum, radio waves have: a) Higher frequency than visible light
b) Longer wavelength than visible light
c) Shorter wavelength than gamma rays
d) Higher energy than ultraviolet rays
Answer: b) Longer wavelength than visible light

A wave that can travel through a vacuum is: a) Mechanical wave
b) Sound wave
c) Electromagnetic wave
d) Longitudinal wave
Answer: c) Electromagnetic wave

The angle of refraction is measured from the: a) Normal line to the wavefront
b) Surface of the medium
c) Direction of the incoming wave
d) Direction of the outgoing wave
Answer: a) Normal line to the wavefront

Optics

The focal length of a convex lens is: a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Variable
Answer: a) Positive

A concave mirror can form a real image when the object is placed: a) At the focal point
b) Between the focal point and the mirror
c) Beyond the center of curvature
d) At the center of curvature
Answer: c) Beyond the center of curvature

The phenomenon of light bending around corners is known as: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: c) Diffraction

When light enters a denser medium, it: a) Speeds up and bends away from the normal
b) Slows down and bends towards the normal
c) Speeds up and travels in a straight line
d) Remains unaffected
Answer: b) Slows down and bends towards the normal

The critical angle for total internal reflection depends on: a) The wavelength of light
b) The indices of refraction of the two media
c) The angle of incidence
d) The distance between the two media
Answer: b) The indices of refraction of the two media

What type of image is formed by a concave lens? a) Real and inverted
b) Virtual and upright
c) Real and upright
d) Virtual and inverted
Answer: b) Virtual and upright

A ray of light traveling in air strikes a glass surface at an angle of 30°. What is the angle of refraction if the refractive index of glass is approximately 1.5? a) 18.5°
b) 22.0°
c) 20.0°
d) 30°
Answer: b) 20.0°

The spread of white light into its component colors is called: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Dispersion
d) Diffraction
Answer: c) Dispersion

The image formed by a plane mirror is: a) Real and inverted
b) Virtual and upright
c) Always larger than the object
d) Always smaller than the object
Answer: b) Virtual and upright

)

A diverging lens (concave lens) produces which type of image? a) Real and inverted
b) Virtual and upright
c) Real and upright
d) Virtual and inverted
Answer: b) Virtual and upright

What is the nature of the image formed by a convex lens when the object is placed at a distance greater than twice the focal length? a) Virtual and upright
b) Real and inverted
c) Real and upright
d) Virtual and inverted
Answer: b) Real and inverted

The distance between the optical center of a lens and its focal point is called: a) Radius of curvature
b) Focal length
c) Image distance
d) Object distance
Answer: b) Focal length

The lens that converges light rays is called a: a) Concave lens
b) Convex lens
c) Diverging lens
d) Reflecting lens
Answer: b) Convex lens

If the refractive index of a medium is less than that of air, light will: a) Speed up
b) Slow down
c) Bend towards the normal
d) Not change direction
Answer: a) Speed up

The image formed on the retina of the human eye is: a) Real and inverted
b) Virtual and upright
c) Real and upright
d) Always larger than the object
Answer: a) Real and inverted

The total internal reflection occurs when light travels from: a) Air to water
b) Water to air
c) Glass to water
d) Air to glass
Answer: b) Water to air

The phenomenon of light bouncing off a surface is called: a) Refraction
b) Reflection
c) Diffraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: b) Reflection

A convex mirror always forms: a) Real images
b) Virtual images
c) Inverted images
d) Larger images
Answer: b) Virtual images

The focal length of a concave mirror is: a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Infinite
Answer: b) Negative

Electricity and Magnetism

The unit of electric charge is: a) Volt
b) Ampere
c) Coulomb
d) Ohm
Answer: c) Coulomb

Ohm's Law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to: a) Voltage
b) Resistance
c) Power
d) Capacitance
Answer: a) Voltage

The SI unit of resistance is: a) Volt
b) Ampere
c) Ohm
d) Watt
Answer: c) Ohm

A circuit in which current has only one path to follow is called: a) Parallel circuit
b) Series circuit
c) Open circuit
d) Short circuit
Answer: b) Series circuit

The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance is defined by: a) P = IV
b) V = IR
c) Q = CV
d) F = ma
Answer: b) V = IR

What does a capacitor store? a) Voltage
b) Current
c) Electric charge
d) Magnetic field
Answer: c) Electric charge

The electric field strength is defined as: a) Force per unit charge
b) Charge per unit area
c) Voltage per unit length
d) Current per unit resistance
Answer: a) Force per unit charge

Magnetic field lines exit from the: a) North pole and enter the south pole
b) South pole and enter the north pole
c) Center of the magnet
d) Electrons
Answer: a) North pole and enter the south pole

In a parallel circuit, the total current is: a) The sum of the currents through each component
b) The average of the currents through each component
c) The current through one component only
d) Always equal to zero
Answer: a) The sum of the currents through each component

The force experienced by a charged particle in an electric field is proportional to: a) The mass of the particle
b) The velocity of the particle
c) The charge of the particle
d) The temperature of the particle
Answer: c) The charge of the particle

The magnetic field around a current-carrying wire can be detected using: a) A galvanometer
b) An ammeter
c) A compass
d) A voltmeter
Answer: c) A compass

The total energy supplied by a power source in a circuit is measured in: a) Joules
b) Watts
c) Volts
d) Amperes
Answer: a) Joules

In an electric circuit, the power consumed can be calculated using the formula: a) P = IV
b) P = IR
c) P = V^2R
d) P = Q/t
Answer: a) P = IV

What is the function of a fuse in an electric circuit? a) To increase voltage
b) To protect against overcurrent
c) To store energy
d) To increase resistance
Answer: b) To protect against overcurrent

Capacitance is defined as: a) Charge per unit voltage
b) Voltage per unit charge
c) Current per unit time
d) Energy per unit charge
Answer: a) Charge per unit voltage

A solenoid produces a magnetic field when: a) Current flows through it
b) It is made of copper
c) It is placed in a magnetic field
d) It is in motion
Answer: a) Current flows through it

The unit of electric potential difference is: a) Joule
b) Coulomb
c) Volt
d) Watt
Answer: c) Volt

What is the effect of increasing resistance in a circuit with constant voltage? a) Current increases
b) Current decreases
c) Voltage decreases
d) Power increases
Answer: b) Current decreases

Which of the following is a good conductor of electricity? a) Rubber
b) Glass
c) Copper
d) Wood
Answer: c) Copper

In a series circuit, if one component fails, the current: a) Continues to flow
b) Stops flowing
c) Increases
d) Decreases
Answer: b) Stops flowing

Modern Physics

The basic unit of mass in atomic physics is: a) Kilogram
b) Atomic mass unit (amu)
c) Gram
d) Mole
Answer: b) Atomic mass unit (amu)

What particle is found in the nucleus of an atom and has no charge? a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Positron
Answer: b) Neutron

The process of a nucleus emitting an alpha particle is called: a) Fission
b) Fusion
c) Alpha decay
d) Beta decay
Answer: c) Alpha decay

The theory that describes the dual nature of light is: a) Quantum theory
b) Classical theory
c) Electromagnetic theory
d) Relativity theory
Answer: a) Quantum theory

The principle that states that the position and momentum of a particle cannot both be precisely determined is known as: a) Law of conservation
b) Heisenberg uncertainty principle
c) Newton's first law
d) Pauli exclusion principle
Answer: b) Heisenberg uncertainty principle

What is the energy of a photon related to? a) Its frequency
b) Its wavelength
c) Its speed
d) Its mass
Answer: a) Its frequency

Which of the following particles has the smallest mass? a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Alpha particle
Answer: c) Electron

The process of combining light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus is called: a) Fission
b) Fusion
c) Decay
d) Activation
Answer: b) Fusion

The emission of beta particles is a result of: a) Proton decay
b) Neutron decay
c) Alpha decay
d) Gamma decay
Answer: b) Neutron decay

What is the primary force that holds the nucleus of an atom together? a) Gravitational force
b) Electromagnetic force
c) Strong nuclear force
d) Weak nuclear force
Answer: c) Strong nuclear force

Which particle is involved in the weak nuclear force? a) Photon
b) Gluon
c) W and Z bosons
d) Graviton
Answer: c) W and Z bosons

The concept that energy and mass are interchangeable is expressed by which equation? a) E=mc2E=mc2
b) F=maF=ma
c) V=IRV=IR
d) P=IVP=IV
Answer: a) E=mc2E=mc2

In nuclear fission, the nucleus splits into: a) Two or more smaller nuclei and releases energy
b) A larger nucleus and a neutron
c) Only protons
d) Alpha particles only
Answer: a) Two or more smaller nuclei and releases energy

The term "isotope" refers to atoms with: a) The same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
b) Different numbers of protons
c) The same mass but different charges
d) Different numbers of electrons
Answer: a) The same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

A device that converts nuclear energy into electrical energy is called a: a) Nuclear reactor
b) Geiger counter
c) Cyclotron
d) Particle accelerator
Answer: a) Nuclear reactor

What phenomenon explains the spectrum of colors produced by a prism? a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Dispersion
d) Diffraction
Answer: c) Dispersion

Which particle is responsible for carrying the electromagnetic force? a) Photon
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Proton
Answer: a) Photon

What is the main component of the Standard Model of particle physics? a) Leptons and quarks
b) Photons and gravitons
c) Electrons and positrons
d) Neutrons and protons
Answer: a) Leptons and quarks

The term "antimatter" refers to: a) Matter with negative charge
b) Particles that have opposite charges to their corresponding matter particles
c) Matter that cannot be seen
d) Matter that has no mass
Answer: b) Particles that have opposite charges to their corresponding matter particles

What is the main difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission? a) Fusion combines nuclei while fission splits nuclei
b) Fusion splits nuclei while fission combines them
c) Fusion occurs in stars only, while fission occurs on Earth
d) Fusion produces more energy than fission
Answer: a) Fusion combines nuclei while fission splits nuclei

Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of the conservation of: a) Mass
b) Energy
c) Momentum
d) Charge
Answer: b) Energy

What is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance? a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Volume
d) Density
Answer: a) Temperature

The process of heat transfer by conduction occurs mainly in: a) Gases
b) Liquids
c) Solids
d) All states of matter
Answer: c) Solids

In thermodynamics, an isothermal process is one that occurs at: a) Constant pressure
b) Constant volume
c) Constant temperature
d) Constant energy
Answer: c) Constant temperature

What is the efficiency of a heat engine defined as? a) The ratio of work done to the heat absorbed
b) The ratio of heat rejected to the heat absorbed
c) The ratio of heat absorbed to work done
d) The ratio of work done to the total energy input
Answer: a) The ratio of work done to the heat absorbed

The second law of thermodynamics states that: a) Energy can be created or destroyed
b) Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body
c) Energy is always conserved
d) Work is equal to heat
Answer: b) Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body

The change in entropy of a system is associated with: a) The heat transfer into or out of the system
b) The work done on or by the system
c) The volume change of the system
d) The mass change of the system
Answer: a) The heat transfer into or out of the system

In an adiabatic process, there is: a) No heat exchange with the surroundings
b) Constant temperature
c) Constant pressure
d) Constant volume
Answer: a) No heat exchange with the surroundings

What happens to the temperature of a substance during a phase change? a) It increases
b) It decreases
c) It remains constant
d) It fluctuates
Answer: c) It remains constant

The latent heat of fusion is: a) The energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid at constant temperature
b) The energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas at constant temperature
c) The energy required to change a substance from gas to liquid at constant temperature
d) The energy required to change a substance from liquid to solid at constant temperature
Answer: a) The energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid at constant temperature

What is the process called when a liquid turns into vapor? a) Condensation
b) Evaporation
c) Sublimation
d) Freezing
Answer: b) Evaporation

Which of the following processes is exothermic? a) Melting of ice
b) Evaporation of water
c) Combustion of wood
d) Sublimation of dry ice
Answer: c) Combustion of wood

The temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to gas at a given pressure is known as: a) Boiling point
b) Freezing point
c) Melting point
d) Sublimation point
Answer: a) Boiling point

Which law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed? a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics
b) First law of thermodynamics
c) Second law of thermodynamics
d) Third law of thermodynamics
Answer: b) First law of thermodynamics

The concept of absolute zero refers to: a) The highest possible temperature
b) The point at which all molecular motion stops
c) The point at which ice melts
d) The point at which water boils
Answer: b) The point at which all molecular motion stops

The measure of a material's ability to conduct heat is called: a) Thermal conductivity
b) Thermal capacity
c) Thermal expansion
d) Thermal insulation
Answer: a) Thermal conductivity

In a heat engine, the heat sink is: a) Where heat is absorbed
b) Where heat is rejected
c) The working substance
d) The fuel source
Answer: b) Where heat is rejected

The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as: a) The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C
b) The amount of heat required to melt 1 kg of the substance
c) The heat energy released during a phase change
d) The energy needed to change the temperature of 1 mole of a substance
Answer: a) The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C

What happens to the entropy of the universe according to the second law of thermodynamics? a) It decreases
b) It increases
c) It remains constant
d) It fluctuates
Answer: b) It increases

Which device is used to measure temperature? a) Barometer
b) Thermometer
c) Anemometer
d) Calorimeter
Answer: b) Thermometer

Waves and Oscillations

The time taken for one complete cycle of a wave is known as: a) Frequency
b) Amplitude
c) Wavelength
d) Period
Answer: d) Period

The frequency of a wave is defined as: a) The speed of the wave divided by its wavelength
b) The distance between two consecutive crests
c) The number of cycles per unit time
d) The height of the wave
Answer: c) The number of cycles per unit time

What type of wave requires a medium for propagation? a) Electromagnetic wave
b) Mechanical wave
c) Transverse wave
d) Longitudinal wave
Answer: b) Mechanical wave

The distance from the rest position to the crest (or trough) of a wave is called: a) Wavelength
b) Frequency
c) Amplitude
d) Wave speed
Answer: c) Amplitude

In a longitudinal wave, the regions where the particles are close together are called: a) Crests
b) Troughs
c) Compressions
d) Rarefactions
Answer: c) Compressions

The principle of superposition states that: a) Waves can only exist in a vacuum
b) The displacement of a wave is the sum of the displacements of individual waves
c) Waves cannot interfere with each other
d) The speed of a wave is constant
Answer: b) The displacement of a wave is the sum of the displacements of individual waves

Which of the following is an example of a transverse wave? a) Sound wave
b) Water wave
c) Seismic P-wave
d) Seismic S-wave
Answer: d) Seismic S-wave

What happens to the frequency of a wave if the wavelength is halved while the speed remains constant? a) The frequency decreases
b) The frequency remains the same
c) The frequency doubles
d) The frequency quadruples
Answer: c) The frequency doubles

A wave that travels in the same direction as the oscillation of the medium is called: a) Transverse wave
b) Longitudinal wave
c) Surface wave
d) Standing wave
Answer: b) Longitudinal wave

The natural frequency of an object is: a) The frequency at which it is forced to vibrate
b) The frequency at which it will vibrate when disturbed
c) The frequency at which it absorbs energy
d) The frequency of an external force
Answer: b) The frequency at which it will vibrate when disturbed

Sound

Sound travels fastest in: a) Air
b) Water
c) Steel
d) Vacuum
Answer: c) Steel

The unit of sound intensity is: a) Decibel (dB)
b) Hertz (Hz)
c) Pascal (Pa)
d) Joule (J)
Answer: a) Decibel (dB)

The pitch of a sound is determined by its: a) Amplitude
b) Wavelength
c) Frequency
d) Speed
Answer: c) Frequency

The Doppler effect describes the change in: a) Wavelength due to the relative motion between the source and observer
b) Amplitude due to distance
c) Speed of sound in different mediums
d) Frequency due to temperature changes
Answer: a) Wavelength due to the relative motion between the source and observer

Which of the following is a characteristic of a high-frequency sound? a) It has a low pitch
b) It has a high pitch
c) It has a large amplitude
d) It travels faster than low-frequency sounds
Answer: b) It has a high pitch

The phenomenon of sound waves bending around obstacles is known as: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: c) Diffraction

What is the primary reason that sound cannot travel in a vacuum? a) Lack of energy
b) Lack of a medium
c) Lack of frequency
d) Lack of sound waves
Answer: b) Lack of a medium

A tuning fork produces a sound with a specific frequency. If the frequency is increased, the sound will: a) Become louder
b) Become softer
c) Have a higher pitch
d) Have a lower pitch
Answer: c) Have a higher pitch

When sound waves interfere constructively, the resulting sound is: a) Softer
b) Louder
c) The same
d) Higher frequency
Answer: b) Louder

The speed of sound in air at room temperature (20°C) is approximately: a) 343 m/s
b) 299,792,458 m/s
c) 1500 m/s
d) 1100 m/s
Answer: a) 343 m/s

Additional Topics

In mechanics, the term "work" is defined as: a) Force multiplied by distance in the direction of the force
b) Force multiplied by time
c) Energy required to move an object
d) The product of mass and acceleration
Answer: a) Force multiplied by distance in the direction of the force

What is the SI unit of energy? a) Joule
b) Newton
c) Watt
d) Pascal
Answer: a) Joule

A projectile launched horizontally from a height will: a) Fall straight down
b) Follow a curved path
c) Continue in a straight line
d) Rise to a higher altitude
Answer: b) Follow a curved path

The center of mass of an object is: a) The point where all mass can be considered to be concentrated
b) The point where the weight of the object is balanced
c) The point at which the object rotates
d) The geometric center of the object
Answer: a) The point where all mass can be considered to be concentrated

In circular motion, the centripetal force is directed: a) Tangential to the path of motion
b) Towards the center of the circle
c) Away from the center of the circle
d) In the direction of the velocity
Answer: b) Towards the center of the circle

What is the acceleration of an object in free fall near the Earth's surface? a) 9.8 m/s²
b) 0 m/s²
c) 19.6 m/s²
d) 1.6 m/s²
Answer: a) 9.8 m/s²

The principle of conservation of momentum states that: a) Total momentum in an isolated system remains constant
b) Momentum can be created or destroyed
c) Momentum is only conserved in elastic collisions
d) Momentum is always proportional to mass
Answer: a) Total momentum in an isolated system remains constant

What type of collision conserves both momentum and kinetic energy? a) Elastic collision
b) Inelastic collision
c) Perfectly inelastic collision
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Elastic collision

The term "kinetic energy" refers to: a) Energy stored in an object due to its position
b) Energy possessed by an object due to its motion
c) Energy required to start motion
d) Energy released during a reaction
Answer: b) Energy possessed by an object due to its motion



A machine has a mechanical advantage greater than 1 when: a) It increases the input force required
b) It multiplies the input force
c) It decreases the output force
d) It increases the output distance
Answer: b) It multiplies the input force

The energy associated with the motion of an object is known as: a) Potential energy
b) Kinetic energy
c) Thermal energy
d) Chemical energy
Answer: b) Kinetic energy

What is the unit of power? a) Joule
b) Watt
c) Newton
d) Pascal
Answer: b) Watt

In an ideal mechanical system, the efficiency is defined as: a) The ratio of useful work output to total work input
b) The ratio of work input to work output
c) The ratio of energy consumed to energy produced
d) The ratio of potential energy to kinetic energy
Answer: a) The ratio of useful work output to total work input

If an object is in equilibrium, it means that: a) The net force acting on it is zero
b) It is in motion
c) It is accelerating
d) The forces are unbalanced
Answer: a) The net force acting on it is zero

The law of universal gravitation states that: a) Every particle attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
b) Gravitational forces can be ignored at large distances
c) Only large objects can exert gravitational forces
d) Gravity acts only on objects with mass
Answer: a) Every particle attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

The coefficient of friction depends on: a) The mass of the object
b) The surface area of the object
c) The nature of the surfaces in contact
d) The speed of the object
Answer: c) The nature of the surfaces in contact

The motion of an object in a straight line with constant speed is described as: a) Accelerated motion
b) Uniform motion
c) Non-uniform motion
d) Circular motion
Answer: b) Uniform motion

In a pendulum, the time period is affected by: a) The mass of the bob
b) The length of the string
c) The amplitude of the swing
d) The temperature of the environment
Answer: b) The length of the string

The acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is approximately: a) 1.6 m/s²
b) 9.8 m/s²
c) 3.7 m/s²
d) 12.2 m/s²
Answer: a) 1.6 m/s²

The term "inertia" refers to: a) The resistance of an object to change its state of motion
b) The weight of an object
c) The energy of an object
d) The force acting on an object
Answer: a) The resistance of an object to change its state of motion

Which of the following quantities is a scalar? a) Velocity
b) Force
c) Acceleration
d) Distance
Answer: d) Distance

In a vacuum, all objects fall at the same rate regardless of their mass due to: a) The absence of air resistance
b) The force of gravity being weaker
c) The influence of wind
d) The effect of buoyancy
Answer: a) The absence of air resistance


Which force is responsible for the circular motion of a satellite around a planet? a) Gravitational force
b) Magnetic force
c) Centrifugal force
d) Frictional force
Answer: a) Gravitational force

An object moves in a straight line with a constant acceleration. Its displacement can be expressed as: a) s=uts=ut
b) s=vts=vt
c) s=ut+12at2s=ut+21​at2
d) s=12gt2s=21​gt2
Answer: c) s=ut+12at2s=ut+21​at2

What type of energy is stored in a compressed spring? a) Kinetic energy
b) Potential energy
c) Thermal energy
d) Chemical energy
Answer: b) Potential energy

When an object reaches terminal velocity, it: a) Continues to accelerate
b) Moves at constant speed
c) Starts to ascend
d) Experiences no forces acting on it
Answer: b) Moves at constant speed

Which of the following quantities is a vector? a) Speed
b) Work
c) Displacement
d) Energy
Answer: c) Displacement

What does the slope of a velocity-time graph represent? a) Acceleration
b) Distance
c) Speed
d) Time
Answer: a) Acceleration

Electricity and Magnetism

What is the unit of electric current? a) Volt
b) Ampere
c) Ohm
d) Coulomb
Answer: b) Ampere

Ohm's Law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to: a) Voltage
b) Resistance
c) Power
d) Capacitance
Answer: a) Voltage

The force between two charges is described by: a) Newton's First Law
b) Coulomb's Law
c) Faraday's Law
d) Gauss's Law
Answer: b) Coulomb's Law

Which of the following materials is a good conductor of electricity? a) Rubber
b) Wood
c) Copper
d) Plastic
Answer: c) Copper

A circuit that provides multiple paths for current is called: a) Series circuit
b) Parallel circuit
c) Open circuit
d) Closed circuit
Answer: b) Parallel circuit

The potential difference across a component in an electric circuit is measured in: a) Amperes
b) Volts
c) Ohms
d) Joules
Answer: b) Volts

What happens to the total resistance in a series circuit if more resistors are added? a) It increases
b) It decreases
c) It remains the same
d) It becomes zero
Answer: a) It increases

The flow of electric charge is known as: a) Voltage
b) Current
c) Resistance
d) Power
Answer: b) Current

The relationship between power, voltage, and current is given by which formula? a) P=IVP=IV
b) P=I2RP=I2R
c) P=V2RP=RV2​
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

A magnetic field is produced by: a) Moving electric charges
b) Stationary electric charges
c) Magnetic materials
d) All of the above
Answer: a) Moving electric charges

Waves and Optics

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another is called: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: b) Refraction

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of: a) Refraction
b) Reflection
c) Dispersion
d) Transmission
Answer: b) Reflection

What type of lens is thicker in the center than at the edges? a) Concave lens
b) Convex lens
c) Bifocal lens
d) Cylindrical lens
Answer: b) Convex lens

Which phenomenon explains the spreading of light waves as they pass through a narrow aperture? a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: c) Diffraction

The colors of light are separated when passing through a prism due to: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: d) Dispersion

What type of wave is light considered? a) Longitudinal wave
b) Transverse wave
c) Surface wave
d) Standing wave
Answer: b) Transverse wave

Which type of mirror converges light rays? a) Flat mirror
b) Convex mirror
c) Concave mirror
d) Bifocal mirror
Answer: c) Concave mirror

The visible spectrum of light ranges from: a) 400 nm to 700 nm
b) 200 nm to 400 nm
c) 700 nm to 1000 nm
d) 100 nm to 200 nm
Answer: a) 400 nm to 700 nm

Which of the following is an example of a mechanical wave? a) Light wave
b) Sound wave
c) Radio wave
d) X-ray
Answer: b) Sound wave

Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from: a) A denser medium to a less dense medium
b) A less dense medium to a denser medium
c) Vacuum to air
d) Water to oil
Answer: a) A denser medium to a less dense medium

Thermodynamics and Kinetic Theory

The first law of thermodynamics is a restatement of the principle of: a) Conservation of mass
b) Conservation of energy
c) Conservation of momentum
d) Conservation of charge
Answer: b) Conservation of energy

In a heat engine, the efficiency is defined as: a) Work output divided by heat input
b) Heat output divided by work input
c) Work input divided by heat output
d) Heat input divided by total energy
Answer: a) Work output divided by heat input

The process by which heat is transferred without the movement of the material is known as: a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Insulation
Answer: a) Conduction

An ideal gas follows which law under conditions of low pressure and high temperature? a) Boyle's Law
b) Charles's Law
c) Avogadro's Law
d) Ideal Gas Law
Answer: d) Ideal Gas Law

The average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance is directly related to its: a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Volume
d) Mass
Answer: a) Temperature

Which of the following is NOT a state of matter? a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
d) Plasma
e) Energy
Answer: e) Energy

The temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid is called: a) Freezing point
b) Melting point
c) Boiling point
d) Condensation point
Answer: b) Melting point

Which law states that for an ideal gas, the pressure multiplied by the volume is proportional to the number of moles multiplied by the temperature? a) Boyle's Law
b) Charles's Law
c) Ideal Gas Law
d) Avogadro's Law
Answer: c) Ideal Gas Law

In a closed system, the total energy remains constant according to: a) Newton's First Law
b) The law of conservation of energy
c) The law of conservation of mass
d) The law of thermodynamics
Answer: b) The law of conservation of energy

Heat transfer by the movement of fluids is called: a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Insulation
Answer: b) Convection

The absolute zero temperature is defined as: a) 0 Kelvin
b) -273.15 degrees Celsius
c) Both a and b
d) 0 degrees Celsius
Answer: c) Both a and b

Which of the following best describes a phase change? a) Change in temperature
b) Change in volume
c) Change in state
d) Change in mass
Answer: c) Change in state

The principle of heat exchange states that heat will naturally flow from: a) A hot object to a cold object
b) A cold object to a hot object
c) Equal temperatures
d) None of the above
Answer: a) A hot object to a cold object

The second law of thermodynamics states that: a) Energy cannot be created or destroyed
b) The total entropy of an isolated system always increases
c) Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body
d) Both b and c
Answer: d) Both b and c

A refrigerator works by removing heat from: a) The inside to the outside
b) The outside to the inside
c) The compressor to the coolant
d) The coolant to the food
Answer: a) The inside to the outside

Specific heat is defined as: a) The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C
b) The heat required to melt a substance
c) The heat required to boil a substance
d) The heat lost during condensation
Answer: a) The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C

The process by which a gas expands and does work on its surroundings is called: a) Isothermal process
b) Adiabatic process
c) Isobaric process
d) Isochoric process
Answer: b) Adiabatic process

Which process describes the transition from gas to solid without passing through the liquid state? a) Sublimation
b) Deposition
c) Condensation
d) Freezing
Answer: b) Deposition

The concept of entropy is related to: a) Order and disorder in a system
b) Energy transfer
c) Pressure changes
d) Temperature fluctuations
Answer: a) Order and disorder in a system

In thermodynamics, a system is considered isolated when: a) It can exchange energy but not matter with its surroundings
b) It can exchange matter but not energy with its surroundings
c) It cannot exchange either energy or matter with its surroundings
d) It can exchange both energy and matter
Answer: c) It cannot exchange either energy or matter with its surroundings

Fluid Mechanics

The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest depends on: a) The density of the fluid
b) The height of the fluid column
c) The acceleration due to gravity
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

Which principle states that the pressure in a moving fluid decreases as its velocity increases? a) Bernoulli's Principle
b) Pascal's Principle
c) Archimedes' Principle
d) Newton's Law
Answer: a) Bernoulli's Principle

Archimedes' Principle states that: a) A body submerged in a fluid experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
b) The pressure at a point in a fluid is transmitted equally in all directions
c) The buoyant force is greater than the weight of the object
d) All of the above
Answer: a) A body submerged in a fluid experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

The relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature for a gas is given by: a) Ideal Gas Law
b) Charles's Law
c) Boyle's Law
d) Dalton's Law
Answer: a) Ideal Gas Law

The SI unit of pressure is: a) Pascal
b) Newton
c) Joule
d) Atmosphere
Answer: a) Pascal

When an object is placed in a fluid, it will float if: a) Its weight is greater than the weight of the fluid displaced
b) Its weight is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
c) Its weight is less than the weight of the fluid displaced
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Its weight is less than the weight of the fluid displaced

Viscosity is a measure of: a) The density of a fluid
b) The resistance of a fluid to flow
c) The buoyant force
d) The pressure in a fluid
Answer: b) The resistance of a fluid to flow

The continuity equation in fluid dynamics states that: a) The mass flow rate must remain constant from one cross-section of a pipe to another
b) The velocity of a fluid must be constant
c) The pressure must remain constant
d) The volume of fluid must remain constant
Answer: a) The mass flow rate must remain constant from one cross-section of a pipe to another


What is the main cause of surface tension in liquids? a) Gravity
b) Cohesive forces between liquid molecules
c) Adhesive forces with surrounding materials
d) Temperature
Answer: b) Cohesive forces between liquid molecules

Which of the following is a state function? a) Work
b) Heat
c) Internal energy
d) All of the above
Answer: c) Internal energy

The heat required to convert a solid into a liquid at its melting point is called: a) Latent heat of fusion
b) Latent heat of vaporization
c) Specific heat
d) Thermal energy
Answer: a) Latent heat of fusion

In an isothermal process, the temperature remains: a) Constant
b) Increases
c) Decreases
d) Fluctuates
Answer: a) Constant

Which of the following describes a process where no heat is exchanged with the surroundings? a) Isobaric
b) Isochoric
c) Adiabatic
d) Isothermal
Answer: c) Adiabatic

The efficiency of a Carnot engine depends on: a) The temperature of the hot reservoir
b) The temperature of the cold reservoir
c) Both a and b
d) The type of working substance
Answer: c) Both a and b

The internal energy of an ideal gas depends primarily on: a) Its pressure
b) Its volume
c) Its temperature
d) The number of moles
Answer: c) Its temperature

Which process involves a change in pressure and volume at constant temperature? a) Isothermal process
b) Isochoric process
c) Isobaric process
d) Adiabatic process
Answer: a) Isothermal process

What does a thermodynamic cycle represent? a) A series of processes that return a system to its initial state
b) A process with constant pressure
c) A process with constant volume
d) A one-way process
Answer: a) A series of processes that return a system to its initial state

In thermodynamics, an open system is one that: a) Can exchange energy but not matter
b) Can exchange both energy and matter
c) Can exchange neither energy nor matter
d) Can only exchange matter
Answer: b) Can exchange both energy and matter

The specific latent heat of vaporization is defined as: a) The heat required to change a unit mass of a solid into a liquid
b) The heat required to change a unit mass of a liquid into a gas
c) The heat required to change a unit mass of a gas into a solid
d) The heat required to change a unit mass of a liquid into a solid
Answer: b) The heat required to change a unit mass of a liquid into a gas

In a Carnot cycle, which of the following stages occurs at constant temperature? a) Isothermal expansion and isothermal compression
b) Adiabatic expansion and adiabatic compression
c) Isobaric and isochoric processes
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Isothermal expansion and isothermal compression

What is the term for the amount of energy transferred as heat that results in a temperature change of a substance? a) Sensible heat
b) Latent heat
c) Thermal energy
d) Specific heat
Answer: a) Sensible heat

The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to: a) The pressure of the gas
b) The volume of the gas
c) The temperature of the gas
d) The density of the gas
Answer: c) The temperature of the gas

Which principle states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant? a) Law of conservation of mass
b) First law of thermodynamics
c) Second law of thermodynamics
d) Law of conservation of momentum
Answer: b) First law of thermodynamics

What type of reaction is associated with a decrease in internal energy? a) Exothermic reaction
b) Endothermic reaction
c) Isothermal reaction
d) Adiabatic reaction
Answer: a) Exothermic reaction

What is the unit of specific heat capacity? a) Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg°C)
b) Joules per mole per degree Celsius (J/mol°C)
c) Calories per gram per degree Celsius (cal/g°C)
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

In an ideal gas, the root mean square speed is proportional to the square root of: a) Pressure
b) Volume
c) Temperature
d) Density
Answer: c) Temperature

The process of converting a liquid into vapor without passing through the solid state is called: a) Sublimation
b) Vaporization
c) Condensation
d) Melting
Answer: b) Vaporization

What is the primary factor that affects the viscosity of a liquid? a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Density
d) Volume
Answer: a) Temperature

Oscillations and Waves

What type of wave travels in a medium and requires a material substance to propagate? a) Electromagnetic wave
b) Mechanical wave
c) Longitudinal wave
d) Transverse wave
Answer: b) Mechanical wave

The time taken for one complete cycle of oscillation is called: a) Frequency
b) Amplitude
c) Period
d) Wavelength
Answer: c) Period

In a longitudinal wave, the particles of the medium move: a) Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
b) In a circular motion
c) Parallel to the direction of wave propagation
d) Randomly
Answer: c) Parallel to the direction of wave propagation

The frequency of a wave is defined as: a) The speed of the wave divided by its wavelength
b) The wavelength divided by the speed of the wave
c) The number of cycles per unit time
d) The distance between two consecutive crests
Answer: c) The number of cycles per unit time

Which phenomenon occurs when two waves meet and combine to form a new wave? a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Interference
d) Diffraction
Answer: c) Interference

The maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position is called: a) Wavelength
b) Frequency
c) Amplitude
d) Velocity
Answer: c) Amplitude

What happens to the speed of a wave when it enters a denser medium? a) It increases
b) It decreases
c) It remains the same
d) It depends on the amplitude
Answer: b) It decreases

Which type of wave has particles that move in a direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation? a) Longitudinal wave
b) Transverse wave
c) Surface wave
d) Standing wave
Answer: b) Transverse wave

The Doppler effect describes the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to: a) The medium
b) The observer's motion
c) The wave's amplitude
d) The wave's speed
Answer: b) The observer's motion

A wave that remains in a constant position, typically created by the interference of two traveling waves, is called: a) A standing wave
b) A longitudinal wave
c) A transverse wave
d) A traveling wave
Answer: a) A standing wave

Sound Waves

What type of wave is sound classified as? a) Longitudinal wave
b) Transverse wave
c) Electromagnetic wave
d) Surface wave
Answer: a) Longitudinal wave

The speed of sound is greatest in: a) Gases
b) Liquids
c) Solids
d) Vacuums
Answer: c) Solids

The loudness of a sound is related to its: a) Frequency
b) Amplitude
c) Speed
d) Wavelength
Answer: b) Amplitude

The frequency range of human hearing is approximately: a) 20 Hz to 20 kHz
b) 100 Hz to 1 kHz
c) 10 Hz to 10 kHz
d) 1 Hz to 100 kHz
Answer: a) 20 Hz to 20 kHz

In terms of pitch, higher frequencies correspond to: a) Lower pitches
b) Higher pitches
c) No pitch
d) All pitches
Answer: b) Higher pitches

What phenomenon occurs when sound waves bend around obstacles? a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: c) Diffraction

A sound wave traveling through air is an example of which type of wave? a) Electromagnetic wave
b) Mechanical wave
c) Transverse wave
d) Standing wave
Answer: b) Mechanical wave

The unit of frequency is: a) Hertz (Hz)
b) Decibel (dB)
c) Joule (J)
d) Newton (N)
Answer: a) Hertz (Hz)

What happens to the wavelength of a sound wave as its frequency increases? a) The wavelength increases
b) The wavelength decreases
c) The wavelength remains the same
d) The wavelength becomes unpredictable
Answer: b) The wavelength decreases

The phenomenon of resonance occurs when: a) Two waves are in phase
b) The frequency of a driving force matches the

The phenomenon of resonance occurs when: a) Two waves are in phase
b) The frequency of a driving force matches the natural frequency of the system
c) Waves are reflected back on themselves
d) Sound waves travel through a vacuum
Answer: b) The frequency of a driving force matches the natural frequency of the system

Light and Optics

What is the speed of light in a vacuum? a) 3 × 10^8 m/s
b) 3 × 10^6 m/s
c) 3 × 10^4 m/s
d) 3 × 10^10 m/s
Answer: a) 3 × 10^8 m/s

Which of the following is the phenomenon where light changes direction when passing from one medium to another? a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: b) Refraction

The bending of light waves around obstacles is known as: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Absorption
Answer: c) Diffraction

What is the angle of incidence when light strikes a surface at the critical angle? a) 0 degrees
b) 45 degrees
c) 90 degrees
d) The angle where refraction occurs is 90 degrees
Answer: d) The angle where refraction occurs is 90 degrees

The colors of visible light in order of increasing wavelength are: a) Violet, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red
b) Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet
c) Blue, Green, Yellow, Red, Orange, Violet
d) Green, Yellow, Blue, Violet, Red, Orange
Answer: b) Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet

What type of lens converges light rays? a) Concave lens
b) Convex lens
c) Cylindrical lens
d) Planar lens
Answer: b) Convex lens

The focal length of a lens is defined as: a) The distance from the lens to the object
b) The distance from the lens to the image
c) The distance from the lens to the focal point
d) The distance at which light rays are parallel
Answer: c) The distance from the lens to the focal point

Which law describes the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection? a) Snell's Law
b) Fermat's Principle
c) Law of Reflection
d) Law of Refraction
Answer: c) Law of Reflection

A mirage is an example of which optical phenomenon? a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: b) Refraction

What is the main cause of the rainbow effect in light? a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Dispersion
d) Diffraction
Answer: c) Dispersion

Electromagnetism

What is the fundamental unit of electric charge? a) Volt
b) Ampere
c) Coulomb
d) Ohm
Answer: c) Coulomb

Ohm's Law states that: a) Voltage is equal to current times resistance
b) Current is equal to voltage times resistance
c) Resistance is equal to voltage times current
d) Voltage is equal to current divided by resistance
Answer: a) Voltage is equal to current times resistance

What type of circuit allows current to flow in more than one path? a) Series circuit
b) Parallel circuit
c) Open circuit
d) Short circuit
Answer: b) Parallel circuit

The SI unit of electric current is: a) Coulomb
b) Volt
c) Ohm
d) Ampere
Answer: d) Ampere

A magnetic field is produced by: a) Electric charges in motion
b) Stationary electric charges
c) Magnetic materials only
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Electric charges in motion

What is the term for the region around a magnet where magnetic forces can be observed? a) Magnetic field
b) Electric field
c) Gravitational field
d) Electromagnetic field
Answer: a) Magnetic field

The force experienced by a charged particle moving through a magnetic field is given by: a) F=qEF=qE
b) F=qvBsin⁡(θ)F=qvBsin(θ)
c) F=maF=ma
d) F=qVF=Vq​
Answer: b) F=qvBsin⁡(θ)F=qvBsin(θ)

Which of the following describes electromagnetic waves? a) They require a medium to travel
b) They can travel through a vacuum
c) They consist only of electric fields
d) They consist only of magnetic fields
Answer: b) They can travel through a vacuum

What is the phenomenon of inducing voltage in a coil due to a changing magnetic field called? a) Magnetism
b) Induction
c) Capacitance
d) Resistance
Answer: b) Induction

In an AC circuit, the term "RMS" stands for: a) Random Mean Square
b) Root Mean Square
c) Real Mean Square
d) Relative Mean Square
Answer: b) Root Mean Square

Additional Concepts

The concept of capacitance is defined as: a) The ability of a body to carry electric charge
b) The ratio of electric charge stored to the voltage across it
c) The measure of resistance to the flow of electric current
d) The ability of a material to produce a magnetic field
Answer: b) The ratio of electric charge stored to the voltage across it

What device is used to measure electric current? a) Voltmeter
b) Ohmmeter
c) Ammeter
d) Galvanometer
Answer: c) Ammeter

The right-hand rule is used to determine: a) The direction of electric field lines
b) The direction of magnetic field lines
c) The direction of force on a charged particle in a magnetic field
d) The direction of current flow
Answer: c) The direction of force on a charged particle in a magnetic field

What is the main purpose of a transformer? a) To convert AC to DC
b) To change the voltage of an AC signal
c) To store electrical energy
d) To measure electric current
Answer: b) To change the voltage of an AC signal

In electromagnetic induction, what does Faraday's Law state? a) The induced voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic field
b) The induced voltage is inversely proportional to the resistance
c) The induced voltage is independent of the area of the coil
d) The induced voltage depends only on the speed of the conductor
Answer: a) The induced voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic field

The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is inversely related to its: a) Wavelength
b) Amplitude
c) Speed
d) Phase
Answer: a) Wavelength

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sound waves? a) They can travel through a vacuum
b) They require a medium to propagate
c) They can be reflected and refracted
d) They can exhibit interference
Answer: a) They can travel through a vacuum

The term "electromagnetic spectrum" refers to: a) The range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
b) The range of all possible sound frequencies
c) The range of visible light only
d) The frequency of sound waves in a vacuum
Answer: a) The range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

What is the primary function of a capacitor in a circuit? a) To store electrical energy
b) To increase voltage
c) To decrease resistance
d) To convert AC to DC
Answer: a) To store electrical energy

The unit of capacitance is called a: a) Farad
b) Henry
c) Ohm
d) Tesla
Answer: a) Farad

The center of mass of a uniform thin rod is located at: a) One end of the rod
b) The midpoint of the rod
c) Two-thirds from one end
d) The point where the rod balances
Answer: b) The midpoint of the rod

Which of the following quantities is a vector? a) Speed
b) Distance
c) Acceleration
d) Mass
Answer: c) Acceleration

What is the term for the change in momentum of an object? a) Work
b) Impulse
c) Energy
d) Force
Answer: b) Impulse



In a free-fall situation, the only force acting on an object is: a) Friction
b) Gravity
c) Normal force
d) Tension
Answer: b) Gravity

The principle of conservation of energy states that: a) Energy can be created and destroyed
b) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
c) Energy can only be created
d) Energy is always conserved in every process
Answer: b) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed

Which of the following is NOT a type of mechanical wave? a) Sound wave
b) Water wave
c) Electromagnetic wave
d) Seismic wave
Answer: c) Electromagnetic wave

The gravitational force between two objects is proportional to the: a) Sum of their masses
b) Product of their masses
c) Difference of their masses
d) Ratio of their masses
Answer: b) Product of their masses

In circular motion, the acceleration directed towards the center of the circle is called: a) Centripetal acceleration
b) Tangential acceleration
c) Angular acceleration
d) Linear acceleration
Answer: a) Centripetal acceleration

The work-energy theorem states that: a) Work is equal to the force multiplied by the distance
b) The work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy
c) Energy is always conserved
d) The total work done is equal to the total energy
Answer: b) The work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy

Fluid Mechanics

The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest depends on: a) The density of the fluid and the depth
b) The volume of the fluid
c) The temperature of the fluid
d) The viscosity of the fluid
Answer: a) The density of the fluid and the depth

Archimedes' principle states that: a) The upward buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
b) The pressure in a fluid increases with depth
c) The velocity of fluid flow is inversely proportional to its pressure
d) The density of an object determines its buoyancy
Answer: a) The upward buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

Which of the following is a characteristic of laminar flow? a) Turbulent and chaotic movement
b) Smooth and orderly layers
c) High velocity
d) Low viscosity
Answer: b) Smooth and orderly layers

The SI unit of pressure is: a) Pascal (Pa)
b) Newton (N)
c) Joule (J)
d) Atmosphere (atm)
Answer: a) Pascal (Pa)

A fluid in motion exhibits which type of energy? a) Kinetic energy
b) Potential energy
c) Thermal energy
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

The continuity equation in fluid dynamics expresses the principle of: a) Conservation of mass
b) Conservation of energy
c) Conservation of momentum
d) Conservation of volume
Answer: a) Conservation of mass

The phenomenon of a fluid flowing over a surface at a high speed creating a low pressure area is known as: a) Bernoulli's principle
b) Venturi effect
c) Surface tension
d) Capillarity
Answer: a) Bernoulli's principle

The flow of fluids is governed by which law? a) Newton's laws
b) Archimedes' principle
c) Pascal's principle
d) Bernoulli's equation
Answer: d) Bernoulli's equation

The term "viscosity" refers to: a) The density of a fluid
b) The resistance of a fluid to flow
c) The ability of a fluid to evaporate
d) The buoyancy of a fluid
Answer: b) The resistance of a fluid to flow

What effect causes a liquid to rise in a narrow tube against gravity? a) Viscosity
b) Surface tension
c) Capillarity
d) Hydrostatic pressure
Answer: c) Capillarity

Thermal Physics

The temperature at which all molecular motion ceases is known as: a) Absolute zero
b) Freezing point
c) Boiling point
d) Room temperature
Answer: a) Absolute zero

Which of the following is a good conductor of heat? a) Wood
b) Air
c) Water
d) Copper
Answer: d) Copper

The transfer of heat through direct contact is called: a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Insulation
Answer: a) Conduction

In a convection current, the warmer fluid tends to: a) Sink
b) Rise
c) Stay still
d) Expand uniformly
Answer: b) Rise

The process of heat transfer through electromagnetic waves is known as: a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Absorption
Answer: c) Radiation

The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as: a) The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C
b) The amount of heat needed to change the state of 1 kg of the substance
c) The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of the substance by 1°C
d) The amount of heat that flows through the substance per unit time
Answer: a) The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C

Which of the following laws describes the relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas at constant pressure? a) Boyle's Law
b) Charles's Law
c) Gay-Lussac's Law
d) Avogadro's Law
Answer: b) Charles's Law

The second law of thermodynamics states that: a) Energy cannot be created or destroyed
b) Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body
c) The total energy of an isolated system is constant
d) All of the above
Answer: b) Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body

What is the unit of heat energy? a) Joule (J)
b) Watt (W)
c) Newton (N)
d) Pascal (Pa)
Answer: a) Joule (J)

The latent heat of fusion is the heat required to: a) Change a solid into a liquid at its melting point
b) Change a liquid into a gas at its boiling point
c) Change a gas into a solid
d) Change a solid into a gas without passing through the liquid state
Answer: a) Change a solid into a liquid at its melting point

Electromagnetic Waves and Optics

The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is measured in: a) Meters
b) Hertz
c) Joules
d) Newtons
Answer: b) Hertz

Electromagnetic Waves and Optics

What type of lens causes parallel rays of light to diverge? a) Convex lens
b) Concave lens
c) Cylindrical lens
d) Plano-convex lens
Answer: b) Concave lens

Which of the following phenomena is responsible for the colors seen in a soap bubble? a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Interference
d) Diffraction
Answer: c) Interference

The process by which light separates into its constituent colors when passing through a prism is called: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Dispersion
d) Absorption
Answer: c) Dispersion

The Doppler effect refers to: a) The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the source of the wave
b) The bending of waves around obstacles
c) The reflection of waves from a surface
d) The change in amplitude of a wave
Answer: a) The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the source of the wave

A laser produces light that is: a) Divergent and incoherent
b) Coherent and monochromatic
c) Divergent and multi-colored
d) Incoherent and polychromatic
Answer: b) Coherent and monochromatic

What is the critical angle for total internal reflection? a) 0 degrees
b) 30 degrees
c) 45 degrees
d) The angle where the refracted light exits the medium
Answer: d) The angle where the refracted light exits the medium

The phenomenon where light behaves as both a wave and a particle is known as: a) Duality
b) Superposition
c) Interference
d) Diffraction
Answer: a) Duality

Which of the following correctly describes the behavior of light when it passes from air into water? a) It speeds up and bends away from the normal
b) It slows down and bends towards the normal
c) It does not change speed or direction
d) It is completely reflected
Answer: b) It slows down and bends towards the normal

What is the focal length of a lens? a) The distance from the lens to the object
b) The distance from the lens to the image
c) The distance at which parallel rays converge or appear to diverge
d) The distance from the object to the image
Answer: c) The distance at which parallel rays converge or appear to diverge

Waves and Oscillations

The time taken for one complete cycle of a wave is known as: a) Frequency
b) Wavelength
c) Amplitude
d) Period
Answer: d) Period

What type of wave requires a medium for its propagation? a) Electromagnetic wave
b) Mechanical wave
c) Radio wave
d) Light wave
Answer: b) Mechanical wave

The distance between successive crests (or troughs) of a wave is known as: a) Amplitude
b) Frequency
c) Wavelength
d) Period
Answer: c) Wavelength

In a standing wave, the points that remain stationary are called: a) Nodes
b) Antinodes
c) Crests
d) Troughs
Answer: a) Nodes

The amplitude of a wave is a measure of: a) The time period
b) The speed of the wave
c) The maximum displacement from the rest position
d) The frequency of the wave
Answer: c) The maximum displacement from the rest position

Which of the following waves exhibit compression and rarefaction? a) Transverse waves
b) Longitudinal waves
c) Surface waves
d) Electromagnetic waves
Answer: b) Longitudinal waves

The frequency of a wave is defined as: a) The distance traveled by a wave in a given time
b) The number of complete cycles that occur in one second
c) The maximum displacement of the wave
d) The total distance traveled by the wave
Answer: b) The number of complete cycles that occur in one second

What is the principle of superposition? a) Waves can only pass through each other
b) The amplitude of a wave is always constant
c) When two or more waves overlap, the resulting wave displacement is the sum of the individual displacements
d) Waves can only reflect off surfaces
Answer: c) When two or more waves overlap, the resulting wave displacement is the sum of the individual displacements

The phenomenon of sound wave reflection is known as: a) Refraction
b) Diffraction
c) Echo
d) Absorption
Answer: c) Echo

What type of oscillation occurs when the restoring force is proportional to the displacement? a) Damped oscillation
b) Simple harmonic motion
c) Forced oscillation
d) Chaotic oscillation
Answer: b) Simple harmonic motion

Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of: a) Conservation of energy
b) Conservation of momentum
c) Conservation of mass
d) Conservation of charge
Answer: a) Conservation of energy

The process by which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is known as: a) Condensation
b) Evaporation
c) Melting
d) Freezing
Answer: c) Melting

The specific latent heat of vaporization is defined as: a) The amount of heat required to change a unit mass of a solid into a liquid without changing its temperature
b) The amount of heat required to change a unit mass of a liquid into a gas without changing its temperature
c) The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1°C
d) The amount of heat required to change a unit mass of gas into a liquid
Answer: b) The amount of heat required to change a unit mass of a liquid into a gas without changing its temperature

What happens to the temperature of a substance during a phase change? a) It increases
b) It decreases
c) It remains constant
d) It fluctuates
Answer: c) It remains constant

The thermal energy transfer due to a temperature difference is called: a) Work
b) Heat
c) Temperature
d) Energy
Answer: b) Heat

Which of the following describes an isothermal process? a) The temperature remains constant while heat is added or removed
b) The volume remains constant while heat is added or removed
c) The pressure remains constant while heat is added or removed
d) The entropy remains constant while heat is added or removed
Answer: a) The temperature remains constant while heat is added or removed

In a Carnot engine, the efficiency depends only on: a) The work output
b) The temperature of the hot and cold reservoirs
c) The type of working substance
d) The pressure of the working substance
Answer: b) The temperature of the hot and cold reservoirs

The concept of entropy is associated with: a) Order and disorder in a system
b) Energy conservation
c) Heat transfer
d) Work done
Answer: a) Order and disorder in a system

What does it mean when a process is said to be adiabatic? a) No heat is transferred into or out of the system
b) The pressure remains constant
c) The volume remains constant
d) The temperature increases continuously
Answer: a) No heat is transferred into or out of the system

In a refrigerator, the refrigerant absorbs heat from the interior and releases it outside. This process is known as: a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Evaporation
d) Condensation
Answer: c) Evaporation

In projectile motion, the horizontal component of velocity: a) Changes due to gravity
b) Remains constant
c) Is equal to the vertical component
d) Increases with time
Answer: b) Remains constant

The unit of angular momentum is: a) kg·m/s
b) kg·m²/s
c) J·s
d) N·m
Answer: b) kg·m²/s

The phenomenon of a body rotating about its axis is known as: a) Translation
b) Rotation
c) Revolution
d) Oscillation
Answer: b) Rotation

The law of conservation of momentum states that: a) The total energy in a closed system is constant
b) The total momentum of a closed system remains constant if no external forces act on it
c) The total mass of a closed system is constant
d) The total velocity of a closed system is constant
Answer: b) The total momentum of a closed system remains constant if no external forces act on it

Which type of collision conserves both momentum and kinetic energy? a) Inelastic collision
b) Elastic collision
c) Perfectly inelastic collision
d) Superelastic collision
Answer: b) Elastic collision

The unit of frequency in the SI system is: a) Joule
b) Hertz
c) Watt
d) Newton
Answer: b) Hertz

What is the phase difference between two points in the same wave at the same time? a) 0° or 180°
b) 90° or 270°
c) 360°
d) It cannot be determined
Answer: a) 0° or 180°

A wave travels at a speed of 300 m/s with a frequency of 150 Hz. What is its wavelength? a) 0.5 m
b) 1 m
c) 2 m
d) 4 m
Answer: c) 2 m
(Wavelength = Speed / Frequency = 300 m/s / 150 Hz)

The main reason that sound travels faster in solids than in liquids or gases is due to: a) Higher density
b) Greater elasticity
c) Temperature
d) Molecular structure
Answer: b) Greater elasticity

Which law states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection? a) Snell's Law
b) Huygens' Principle
c) Law of Reflection
d) Fermat's Principle
Answer: c) Law of Reflection

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Which of the following represents an endothermic process? a) Combustion
b) Melting of ice
c) Condensation of steam
d) Freezing of water
Answer: b) Melting of ice

What is thermal conductivity? a) The ability of a material to absorb heat
b) The rate at which heat is transferred through a material
c) The capacity of a material to hold heat
d) The resistance of a material to heat flow
Answer: b) The rate at which heat is transferred through a material

In thermodynamics, a system that can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings is called: a) Isolated system
b) Closed system
c) Open system
d) Equilibrium system
Answer: c) Open system

The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as: a) Work output divided by heat input
b) Heat input divided by work output
c) The ratio of useful energy output to total energy input
d) Total energy input divided by useful energy output
Answer: a) Work output divided by heat input

What is the primary mechanism of heat transfer in liquids and gases? a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Insulation
Answer: b) Convection

The temperature scale where 0 degrees is the absolute zero point is known as: a) Celsius
b) Fahrenheit
c) Kelvin
d) Rankine
Answer: c) Kelvin

The concept of absolute zero refers to: a) The lowest temperature possible, where all molecular motion stops
b) The freezing point of water
c) The temperature at which all substances become solid
d) The temperature at which gases become liquid
Answer: a) The lowest temperature possible, where all molecular motion stops

Which of the following statements is true about heat engines? a) They can create energy from nothing.
b) They can convert heat energy into work.
c) They have 100% efficiency.
d) They operate only on the Carnot cycle.
Answer: b) They can convert heat energy into work.

The third law of thermodynamics states that: a) The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero
b) Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body
c) Energy cannot be created or destroyed
d) The entropy of the universe is always increasing
Answer: a) The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero

Which of the following best describes the term 'thermal equilibrium'? a) No heat flows between systems at the same temperature
b) Heat flows from one body to another
c) The temperature of a body increases indefinitely
d) All systems involved are in motion
Answer: a) No heat flows between systems at the same temperature

Electromagnetism

What is the unit of electric current? a) Volt
b) Ampere
c) Ohm
d) Joule
Answer: b) Ampere

In a series circuit, the total resistance is: a) The sum of individual resistances
b) The product of individual resistances
c) Equal to the largest individual resistance
d) Equal to the smallest individual resistance
Answer: a) The sum of individual resistances

Which law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current through it? a) Ohm's Law
b) Kirchhoff's Law
c) Faraday's Law
d) Coulomb's Law
Answer: a) Ohm's Law

The magnetic field lines around a current-carrying conductor are: a) Straight and parallel
b) Circular and concentric
c) Irregular and random
d) Horizontal and vertical
Answer: b) Circular and concentric

An electric field is defined as: a) A field around a charged object that exerts force on other charged objects
b) A field that only exists in conductors
c) A field created by magnetic fields
d) A field that cannot do work
Answer: a) A field around a charged object that exerts force on other charged objects

The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction was discovered by: a) James Clerk Maxwell
b) Michael Faraday
c) Heinrich Hertz
d) Nikola Tesla
Answer: b) Michael Faraday

What is the main function of a transformer? a) To increase or decrease voltage
b) To store electrical energy
c) To convert AC to DC
d) To measure current
Answer: a) To increase or decrease voltage

The direction of the induced current in a conductor is given by: a) Ampere's Law
b) Lenz's Law
c) Gauss's Law
d) Ohm's Law
Answer: b) Lenz's Law

Which type of wave does not require a medium for propagation? a) Sound wave
b) Water wave
c) Light wave
d) Seismic wave
Answer: c) Light wave

What is the primary function of a capacitor in a circuit? a) To resist the flow of current
b) To store electric charge
c) To generate power
d) To amplify signals
Answer: b) To store electric charge

In a wave, the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position is known as: a) Wavelength
b) Amplitude
c) Frequency
d) Period
Answer: b) Amplitude

The time it takes for a pendulum to swing from its highest point to the lowest point and back again is known as: a) Frequency
b) Period
c) Cycle
d) Amplitude
Answer: b) Period

Which of the following is an example of a scalar quantity? a) Velocity
b) Acceleration
c) Force
d) Mass
Answer: d) Mass

An object moving in a circular path with constant speed experiences: a) No acceleration
b) Centripetal acceleration
c) Linear acceleration
d) Angular momentum
Answer: b) Centripetal acceleration

The energy stored in an object due to its position above the ground is known as: a) Kinetic energy
b) Thermal energy
c) Gravitational potential energy
d) Chemical energy
Answer: c) Gravitational potential energy

Which principle states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object? a) Archimedes' Principle
b) Pascal's Principle
c) Bernoulli's Principle
d) Torricelli's Theorem
Answer: a) Archimedes' Principle

What type of energy is associated with the motion of an object? a) Potential energy
b) Kinetic energy
c) Thermal energy
d) Nuclear energy
Answer: b) Kinetic energy

In a fluid, which factor primarily determines the pressure at a certain depth? a) The density of the fluid and the acceleration due to gravity
b) The shape of the container
c) The temperature of the fluid
d) The speed of the fluid
Answer: a) The density of the fluid and the acceleration due to gravity

Which of the following is true regarding a projectile launched at an angle? a) The horizontal velocity remains constant while the vertical velocity changes due to gravity.
b) Both horizontal and vertical velocities remain constant.
c) The vertical velocity remains constant while the horizontal velocity changes.
d) The total velocity increases as the projectile rises.
Answer: a) The horizontal velocity remains constant while the vertical velocity changes due to gravity.

What is the result of an unbalanced force acting on an object? a) The object remains at rest
b) The object continues moving at a constant velocity
c) The object accelerates
d) The object changes direction without accelerating
Answer: c) The object accelerates

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as: a) The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass of the substance by 1°C
b) The total heat contained in a substance
c) The heat required to change a liquid to a gas
d) The heat required to change a solid to a liquid
Answer: a) The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass of the substance by 1°C

Which process involves the direct transfer of heat through a material without any movement of the material itself? a) Convection
b) Conduction
c) Radiation
d) Insulation
Answer: b) Conduction

The total energy in an isolated system remains constant according to: a) The second law of thermodynamics
b) The first law of thermodynamics
c) The law of conservation of mass
d) The law of conservation of momentum
Answer: b) The first law of thermodynamics

When heat is added to a substance, its temperature increases until: a) The substance evaporates
b) The substance reaches its boiling point
c) A phase change occurs
d) The substance cools down
Answer: c) A phase change occurs

What is the primary factor that determines the efficiency of a real heat engine? a) The fuel used
b) The design of the engine
c) The temperature difference between the heat reservoirs
d) The size of the engine
Answer: c) The temperature difference between the heat reservoirs

Which type of wave can travel through a vacuum? a) Sound waves
b) Seismic waves
c) Light waves
d) Water waves
Answer: c) Light waves

Which of the following occurs when a gas is compressed? a) The temperature decreases
b) The pressure decreases
c) The volume decreases
d) The gas does not change
Answer: c) The volume decreases

What is the function of a heat exchanger? a) To transfer heat between two or more fluids without mixing them
b) To convert heat into mechanical work
c) To store thermal energy
d) To insulate heat loss
Answer: a) To transfer heat between two or more fluids without mixing them

Which gas law relates the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature? a) Charles's Law
b) Boyle's Law
c) Avogadro's Law
d) Gay-Lussac's Law
Answer: b) Boyle's Law

The latent heat of fusion is the heat required to: a) Change a solid to a gas
b) Change a liquid to a solid
c) Change a solid to a liquid
d) Change a gas to a liquid
Answer: c) Change a solid to a liquid

Electromagnetism

What is the primary component of an electric circuit? a) Capacitor
b) Resistor
c) Battery
d) Switch
Answer: c) Battery

The magnetic force between two current-carrying wires is: a) Attractive if the currents are in the same direction
b) Repulsive if the currents are in the same direction
c) Always zero
d) Dependent on the distance between the wires
Answer: b) Repulsive if the currents are in the same direction

The electromotive force (EMF) of a circuit is: a) The resistance of the circuit
b) The potential difference across a circuit component
c) The current flowing through the circuit
d) The total energy supplied per unit charge
Answer: d) The total energy supplied per unit charge

Which of the following devices converts electrical energy into mechanical energy? a) Generator
b) Motor
c) Transformer
d) Capacitor
Answer: b) Motor

What does a transformer do to the voltage in an AC circuit? a) It converts AC to DC
b) It increases or decreases voltage
c) It generates current
d) It stores electrical energy
Answer: b) It increases or decreases voltage

A circuit element that stores electrical energy in an electric field is called: a) Inductor
b) Resistor
c) Capacitor
d) Diode
Answer: c) Capacitor

The phenomenon of light bending when it passes from one medium to another is known as: a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: b) Refraction

The unit of electric resistance is: a) Joule
b) Watt
c) Ohm
d) Ampere
Answer: c) Ohm

An alternating current (AC) differs from direct current (DC) in that: a) AC flows in only one direction
b) AC periodically reverses direction
c) AC has a constant voltage
d) AC cannot be transformed
Answer: b) AC periodically reverses direction

What happens to the resistance of a conductor as its temperature increases? a) It decreases
b) It remains constant
c) It increases
d) It fluctuates
Answer: c) It increases

The unit of work done in the SI system is: a) Joule
b) Newton
c) Watt
d) Pascal
Answer: a) Joule

The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that: a) Total energy remains constant
b) Total mechanical energy remains constant in the absence of non-conservative forces
c) Energy cannot be created or destroyed
d) Mechanical energy is always conserved
Answer: b) Total mechanical energy remains constant in the absence of non-conservative forces

What type of motion is described by an object moving in a straight line at a constant speed? a) Accelerated motion
b) Uniform motion
c) Circular motion
d) Rotational motion
Answer: b) Uniform motion

The force required to change the motion of an object is known as: a) Impulse
b) Momentum
c) Acceleration
d) Work
Answer: a) Impulse

Which of the following best describes the motion of a harmonic oscillator? a) Uniform motion
b) Simple harmonic motion
c) Random motion
d) Rotational motion
Answer: b) Simple harmonic motion

The center of mass of a system of particles is: a) Always located at the geometric center
b) The point at which the total mass of the system can be considered to be concentrated
c) The point at which the forces acting on the system are balanced
d) The same as the center of gravity
Answer: b) The point at which the total mass of the system can be considered to be concentrated

In a vacuum, all objects fall at the same rate regardless of their mass due to: a) Air resistance
b) Gravity
c) Friction
d) Momentum
Answer: b) Gravity

The angular displacement of an object moving in a circular path is measured in: a) Radians
b) Meters
c) Degrees
d) Both a and c
Answer: d) Both a and c

The tension in a string being pulled at both ends is: a) Zero
b) Equal to the weight of the object
c) Constant throughout the string
d) Varies along the length of the string
Answer: c) Constant throughout the string

The point at which the gravitational force between two masses is zero is called: a) Equilibrium point
b) Null point
c) Lagrange point
d) Gravitational center
Answer: c) Lagrange point

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

The process of a substance changing from a gas to a liquid is known as: a) Evaporation
b) Condensation
c) Sublimation
d) Freezing
Answer: b) Condensation

An ideal gas follows which of the following gas laws? a) Charles's Law
b) Boyle's Law
c) Ideal Gas Law
d) Avogadro's Law
Answer: c) Ideal Gas Law

The term 'entropy' is best defined as: a) The amount of energy in a system
b) A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system
c) The ability to do work
d) The temperature of a system
Answer: b) A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system

Which of the following is an example of an adiabatic process? a) Boiling water
b) Rapid compression of a gas
c) Melting ice
d) Heating a metal rod
Answer: b) Rapid compression of a gas

The latent heat of vaporization is defined as: a) The heat required to convert a solid into a liquid
b) The heat required to convert a liquid into a gas
c) The heat released when a gas condenses into a liquid
d) The heat required to raise the temperature of a gas
Answer: b) The heat required to convert a liquid into a gas

Which of the following statements is true about heat transfer by radiation? a) It requires a medium for transfer.
b) It occurs mainly in solids.
c) It can occur in a vacuum.
d) It is always accompanied by conduction.
Answer: c) It can occur in a vacuum.

In an isothermal process, which of the following remains constant? a) Pressure
b) Volume
c) Temperature
d) Heat
Answer: c) Temperature

The term 'thermal conductivity' refers to: a) The ability of a material to store thermal energy
b) The ability of a material to conduct heat
c) The transfer of heat through convection
d) The insulation properties of a material
Answer: b) The ability of a material to conduct heat

Which of the following represents an isobaric process? a) Heating a gas at constant pressure
b) Compressing a gas at constant temperature
c) Expanding a gas at constant volume
d) Heating a gas without allowing it to expand
Answer: a) Heating a gas at constant pressure

The change in the state of a substance from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state is known as: a) Evaporation
b) Melting
c) Sublimation
d) Condensation
Answer: c) Sublimation

Electromagnetism

The force experienced by a charged particle moving through a magnetic field is known as: a) Electric force
b) Gravitational force
c) Lorentz force
d) Magnetic field strength
Answer: c) Lorentz force

A parallel circuit has multiple paths for current to flow. If one component fails, the current: a) Stops flowing through the entire circuit
b) Continues to flow through the other paths
c) Increases in the remaining paths
d) Decreases to zero
Answer: b) Continues to flow through the other paths

What is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit known as? a) Kirchhoff's Laws
b) Ohm's Law
c) Faraday's Law
d) Coulomb's Law
Answer: b) Ohm's Law

The magnetic field produced by a straight current-carrying conductor can be determined by which rule? a) Right-hand rule
b) Left-hand rule
c) Fleming's right-hand rule
d) Lenz's law
Answer: a) Right-hand rule

What device is used to measure electric current? a) Voltmeter
b) Ammeter
c) Ohmmeter
d) Wattmeter
Answer: b) Ammeter

The phenomenon of self-induction is associated with: a) Resistance
b) Capacitance
c) Inductance
d) Conductance
Answer: c) Inductance

The direction of current flow is defined as the direction in which: a) Electrons move
b) Positive charges move
c) Negative charges move
d) Electric field lines point
Answer: b) Positive charges move

The relationship between electric field strength and distance from a point charge is: a) Inversely proportional to the square of the distance
b) Directly proportional to the distance
c) Inversely proportional to the distance
d) Unrelated to distance
Answer: a) Inversely proportional to the square of the distance

What type of lens is used to converge light rays? a) Concave lens
b) Convex lens
c) Bifocal lens
d) Cylindrical lens
Answer: b) Convex lens

In electromagnetic waves, the electric and magnetic fields are: a) Perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation
b) Parallel to each other
c) In phase with each other
d) Non-perpendicular to each other
Answer: a) Perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation

Mechanics and Waves

Which of the following quantities is a vector? a) Speed
b) Distance
c) Displacement
d) Mass
Answer: c) Displacement



The relationship between force, mass, and acceleration is given by: a) Newton's First Law
b) Newton's Second Law
c) Newton's Third Law
d) Law of Conservation of Momentum
Answer: b) Newton's Second Law

Which of the following describes an elastic collision? a) Momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not.
b) Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
c) Kinetic energy is conserved but momentum is not.
d) There is no conservation of energy.
Answer: b) Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.

A projectile is launched at an angle. What is the shape of its trajectory? a) Straight line
b) Circle
c) Parabola
d) Ellipse
Answer: c) Parabola

What type of energy is associated with the position of an object in a gravitational field? a) Kinetic energy
b) Thermal energy
c) Potential energy
d) Chemical energy
Answer: c) Potential energy





What is the result of the net force acting on an object being zero? a) The object accelerates
b) The object moves at a constant velocity
c) The object is at rest
d) Both b and c are correct
Answer: d) Both b and c are correct

What type of energy does a swinging pendulum have at its highest point? a) Kinetic energy
b) Potential energy
c) Mechanical energy
d) Thermal energy
Answer: b) Potential energy

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

In thermodynamics, an isochoric process is one in which: a) Volume remains constant
b) Pressure remains constant
c) Temperature remains constant
d) Heat remains constant
Answer: a) Volume remains constant

The term 'enthalpy' is defined as: a) The internal energy of a system
b) The heat content of a system at constant pressure
c) The work done on a system
d) The measure of disorder in a system
Answer: b) The heat content of a system at constant pressure

In a heat engine, the work done is equal to: a) The heat input minus the heat output
b) The heat output minus the heat input
c) The total heat added to the system
d) The heat absorbed from the surroundings
Answer: a) The heat input minus the heat output

What happens to the entropy of an isolated system over time? a) It decreases
b) It remains constant
c) It increases
d) It fluctuates
Answer: c) It increases

The thermal efficiency of a heat engine is defined as: a) The ratio of work output to heat input
b) The ratio of heat output to work input
c) The ratio of heat input to work output
d) The total energy output of the system
Answer: a) The ratio of work output to heat input

What is the main difference between heat and temperature? a) Heat is a measure of energy, while temperature is a measure of thermal energy
b) Heat is energy transferred, while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles
c) Heat is related to pressure, while temperature is related to volume
d) There is no difference; they are the same concept
Answer: b) Heat is energy transferred, while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.

What happens to the pressure of a gas when its temperature is increased at constant volume? a) Pressure decreases
b) Pressure remains constant
c) Pressure increases
d) Pressure fluctuates
Answer: c) Pressure increases

Which of the following represents an endothermic reaction? a) Combustion of fuels
b) Dissolving salt in water
c) Freezing water
d) Condensation of steam
Answer: b) Dissolving salt in water

In an adiabatic process, which of the following holds true? a) No heat is transferred into or out of the system
b) Temperature remains constant
c) Pressure remains constant
d) Volume is constant
Answer: a) No heat is transferred into or out of the system

The heat transfer through direct contact of particles is called: a) Convection
b) Radiation
c) Conduction
d) Advection
Answer: c) Conduction

Electromagnetism

What is the unit of capacitance? a) Farad
b) Volt
c) Ampere
d) Ohm
Answer: a) Farad

A transformer operates on the principle of: a) Electromagnetic induction
b) Electrolysis
c) Heat transfer
d) Conduction
Answer: a) Electromagnetic induction

What device converts alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC)? a) Generator
b) Inverter
c) Rectifier
d) Transformer
Answer: c) Rectifier

What is the frequency of a wave that has a period of 0.1 seconds? a) 10 Hz
b) 20 Hz
c) 5 Hz
d) 100 Hz
Answer: a) 10 Hz

Which of the following describes a magnetic field? a) A region where electric charges experience a force
b) A region where magnetic materials experience a force
c) A region where gravity acts
d) A region where electric currents are generated
Answer: b) A region where magnetic materials experience a force

The force exerted by a magnetic field on a charged particle moving in that field is: a) Proportional to the charge of the particle and its velocity
b) Inversely proportional to the charge of the particle
c) Independent of the particle's velocity
d) Constant regardless of the magnetic field strength
Answer: a) Proportional to the charge of the particle and its velocity

In an AC circuit, the phase difference between the voltage and current is represented by: a) Resistance
b) Reactance
c) Impedance
d) Power factor
Answer: d) Power factor

The critical angle of refraction is the angle of incidence at which: a) Light is reflected back into the medium
b) Light passes through without any refraction
c) Light bends at a right angle
d) Light is refracted fully and cannot escape the medium
Answer: a) Light is reflected back into the medium

What is the phenomenon of bending of light around corners called? a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: c) Diffraction

The direction of the electric field inside a conductor is: a) Outward from the center
b)Hi Toward the center
c) Zero in electrostatic equilibrium
d) Indeterminate
Answer: c) Zero in electrostatic equilibrium

Mechanics and Waves

The centripetal force required for an object to move in a circular path is directed: a) Tangentially to the path
b) Away from the center of the circle
c) Towards the center of the circle
d) In the direction of the object's velocity
Answer: c) Towards the center of the circle

In simple harmonic motion, the restoring force is: a) Directly proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position
b) Inversely proportional to the displacement
c) Independent of displacement
d) Equal to the mass of the object
Answer: a) Directly proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position

A mass-spring system undergoes oscillation. The total mechanical energy in the system is: a) Constant
b) Increasing
c) Decreasing
d) Variable
Answer: a) Constant

The term 'wave speed' is defined as: a) The distance traveled by the wave in a unit time
b) The frequency of the wave multiplied by its wavelength
c) The speed of the wave source
d) The speed at which energy is transferred by the wave
Answer: b) The frequency of the wave multiplied by its wavelength

Which of the following is an example of a transverse wave? a) Sound wave
b) Seismic P-wave
c) Electromagnetic wave
d) Ocean wave
Answer: c) Electromagnetic wave

The Doppler effect refers to the change in: a) Amplitude of a wave
b) Frequency of a wave due to motion relative to the observer
c) Wavelength of a wave
d) Speed of sound in a medium
Answer: b) Frequency of a wave due to motion relative to the observer

The phenomenon of resonance occurs when: a) The frequency of the applied force matches the natural frequency of the system
b) The system is damped
c) The system is in equilibrium
d) The frequency is doubled
Answer: a) The frequency of the applied force matches the natural frequency of the system

The principle of superposition applies to: a) Only mechanical waves
b) Only electromagnetic waves
c) All types of waves
d) Only sound waves
Answer: c) All types of waves

A wave's frequency is defined as: a) The number of wavelengths that pass a point in one second
b) The distance between successive crests
c) The amplitude of the wave
d) The time taken for one complete cycle
Answer: a) The number of wavelengths that pass a point in one second

The sound intensity level is measured in: a) Decibels
b) Hertz
c) Watts per square meter
d) Amperes
Answer: a) Decibels

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

In thermodynamics, a system is in thermal equilibrium when: a) There is a temperature difference between the system and surroundings
b) There is no heat transfer between the system and its surroundings
c) The pressure is constant
d) The volume is constant
Answer: b) There is no heat transfer between the system and its surroundings

The Carnot cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that represents: a) The most efficient cycle possible between two temperature reservoirs
b) A real heat engine
c) A refrigeration cycle
d) An isothermal process
Answer: a) The most efficient cycle possible between two temperature reservoirs

In an isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, the internal energy: a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains constant
d) Depends on the volume
Answer: c) Remains constant

The ideal gas law can be expressed as: a) PV=nRTPV=nRT
b) P+V=nRTP+V=nRT
c) P2=nRTP2=nRT
d) V=nRT/PV=nRT/P
Answer: a) PV=nRTPV=nRT

The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of: a) The conservation of energy
b) The increase of entropy
c) The relationship between temperature and pressure
d) The efficiency of heat engines
Answer: a) The conservation of energy

A refrigerator operates by transferring heat from: a) A cold reservoir to a hot reservoir
b) A hot reservoir to a cold reservoir
c) An open system to an isolated system
d) A solid to a liquid
Answer: a) A cold reservoir to a hot reservoir

The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as: a) The heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass by one degree Celsius
b) The heat required to change the phase of a unit mass
c) The total heat content of a substance
d) The amount of heat lost to the surroundings
Answer: a) The heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass by one degree Celsius

What is the latent heat of fusion? a) The heat required to vaporize a unit mass of a substance
b) The heat required to melt a unit mass of a solid
c) The heat released during condensation
d) The heat absorbed during cooling
Answer: b) The heat required to melt a unit mass of a solid

Which law describes the relationship between volume and temperature in a gas at constant pressure? a) Boyle's Law
b) Charles's Law
c) Avogadro's Law
d) Gay-Lussac's Law
Answer: b) Charles's Law

What occurs during an isothermal compression of an ideal gas? a) The temperature increases
b) The internal energy decreases
c) The pressure remains constant
d) The volume decreases
Answer: d) The volume decreases

Electromagnetism

What type of current flows in one direction only? a) Alternating current (AC)
b) Direct current (DC)
c) Pulsating current
d) Square wave current
Answer: b) Direct current (DC)

The electric field strength (E) due to a point charge is given by: a) E=FqE=qF​
b) E=kqr2E=kr2q​
c) E=VdE=dV​
d) E=IAE=AI​
Answer: b) E=kqr2E=kr2q​

The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid is: a) Zero
b) Uniform and directed along the axis of the solenoid
c) Uniform and directed perpendicular to the axis
d) Varies with distance from the center
Answer: b) Uniform and directed along the axis of the solenoid

Which of the following represents the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R)? a) V=IRV=IR
b) I=VRI=VR
c) R=IVR=IV
d) V=R/IV=R/I
Answer: a) V=IRV=IR

The magnetic force on a charged particle moving through a magnetic field is maximum when: a) The particle is at rest
b) The particle moves parallel to the field lines
c) The particle moves perpendicular to the field lines
d) The particle moves in a circular path
Answer: c) The particle moves perpendicular to the field lines

The unit of magnetic flux is: a) Weber
b) Tesla
c) Gauss
d) Ampere
Answer: a) Weber



In a series circuit, the total resistance is: a) The sum of individual resistances
b) The product of individual resistances
c) Constant
d) Zero
Answer: a) The sum of individual resistances

The phenomenon of induced EMF in a coil due to a change in magnetic field is known as:
a) Electromagnetic induction
b) Magnetoresistance
c) Faraday’s Law
d) Lenz’s Law

Answer: a) Electromagnetic induction

Electromagnetism and Optics

What is the primary function of a transformer?
a) To convert mechanical energy to electrical energy
b) To increase or decrease voltage
c) To store electrical energy
d) To generate electrical energy
Answer: b) To increase or decrease voltage

The critical angle for total internal reflection occurs when:
a) Light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium
b) Light travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium
c) The angle of incidence equals the angle of refraction
d) The angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle
Answer: a) Light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium

What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
a) 3×1063×106 m/s
b) 3×1083×108 m/s
c) 3×10103×1010 m/s
d) 3×10123×1012 m/s
Answer: b) 3×1083×108 m/s

Which phenomenon is responsible for the splitting of white light into a spectrum of colors?
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Absorption
Answer: b) Refraction

The law that states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection is known as:
a) Snell's Law
b) Newton's Law
c) Huygens' Principle
d) The Law of Reflection
Answer: d) The Law of Reflection

In an optical fiber, light is transmitted through:
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Absorption
Answer: a) Reflection

The focal length of a convex lens is:
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Infinite
Answer: a) Positive

A concave mirror produces a virtual image when the object is placed:
a) At the focus
b) At the center of curvature
c) Between the focus and the mirror
d) Beyond the center of curvature
Answer: c) Between the focus and the mirror

What is the principle behind a diffraction grating?
a) Refraction of light
b) Reflection of light
c) Interference of light waves
d) Absorption of light
Answer: c) Interference of light waves

The intensity of light from a point source decreases with distance according to:
a) The inverse square law
b) The direct square law
c) The linear law
d) The logarithmic law
Answer: a) The inverse square law

Modern Physics

What is the principle of uncertainty in quantum mechanics?
a) It is impossible to know both the position and momentum of a particle simultaneously with arbitrary precision
b) The energy of a particle can be known precisely
c) Particles can exist in two states at once
d) Light behaves only as a particle or a wave, but not both
Answer: a) It is impossible to know both the position and momentum of a particle simultaneously with arbitrary precision



In nuclear reactions, the binding energy is defined as:
a) The energy required to split a nucleus into individual protons and neutrons
b) The energy released when a nucleus is formed from its constituent nucleons
c) The energy associated with the motion of nucleons
d) The energy required to ionize an atom
Answer: b) The energy released when a nucleus is formed from its constituent nucleons

What is the term for particles that mediate the fundamental forces of nature?
a) Leptons
b) Baryons
c) Bosons
d) Fermions
Answer: c) Bosons

Which of the following is a characteristic of beta decay?
a) Emission of alpha particles
b) Emission of electrons or positrons
c) Emission of gamma rays
d) Transformation of a neutron into a proton
Answer: b) Emission of electrons or positrons

The photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light because:
a) Light can be bent
b) Light can travel through a vacuum
c) Light can produce a current
d) Light can eject electrons from a metal surface
Answer: d) Light can eject electrons from a metal surface

Which of the following particles has a negative charge?
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Nucleon
Answer: c) Electron

A nuclear reactor primarily relies on the process of:
a) Fusion
b) Fission
c) Radioactive decay
d) Ionization
Answer: b) Fission

The fundamental force responsible for the decay of radioactive substances is:
a) Gravitational force
b) Electromagnetic force
c) Weak nuclear force
d) Strong nuclear force
Answer: c) Weak nuclear force

In quantum mechanics, the wave function is used to describe:
a) The path of a particle
b) The probability of finding a particle in a particular state
c) The energy of a particle
d) The momentum of a particle
Answer: b) The probability of finding a particle in a particular state

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle applies to:
a) Macroscopic objects only
b) Quantum systems
c) Classical mechanics
d) Thermodynamics
Answer: b) Quantum systems

Additional Topics

Which law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it?
a) Ohm's Law
b) Kirchhoff's Law
c) Faraday's Law
d) Lenz's Law
Answer: a) Ohm's Law

What is the term for the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred?
a) Power
b) Energy
c) Force
d) Work
Answer: a) Power

In which of the following processes is work done on a gas?
a) Isothermal expansion
b) Isobaric expansion
c) Adiabatic compression
d) Isovolumetric process
Answer: c) Adiabatic compression

The unit of power is defined as:
a) Joules per second
b) Watts per hour
c) Newtons per meter
d) Amperes per volt
Answer: a) Joules per second

Which of the following describes the flow of heat through a material?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Insulation
Answer: a) Conduction

The motion of a projectile is an example of:
a) Uniform motion
b) Simple harmonic motion
c) Two-dimensional motion
d) Circular motion
Answer: c) Two-dimensional motion

The principle of conservation of momentum states that:
a) Momentum is always conserved in isolated systems
b) Kinetic energy is conserved in collisions
c) Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy
d) Energy can be created or destroyed
Answer: a) Momentum is always conserved in isolated systems

In a standing wave, the points of maximum displacement are called:
a) Nodes
b) Antinodes
c) Crests
d) Troughs
Answer: b) Antinodes

Which device measures electric current?
a) Voltmeter
b) Ammeter
c) Ohmmeter
d) Calorimeter
Answer: b) Ammeter

In which medium does sound travel fastest?
a) Air
b) Water
c) Steel
d) Vacuum
Answer: c) Steel

What is the phenomenon of a wave bending as it passes from one medium to another?
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: b) Refraction

Which particle has the largest mass?
a) Electron
b) Proton
c) Neutron
d) Positron
Answer: c) Neutron

The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth is approximately:
a) 9.8 m/s29.8m/s2
b) 9.8 km/s29.8km/s2
c) 19.6 m/s219.6m/s2
d) 1.6 m/s21.6m/s2
Answer: a) 9.8 m/s29.8m/s2

In which process does a substance change directly from solid to gas?
a) Melting
b) Freezing
c) Sublimation
d) Condensation
Answer: c) Sublimation

What is the primary function of a capacitor?
a) To store electrical energy
b) To convert electrical energy into mechanical energy
c) To increase voltage
d) To measure current
Answer: a) To store electrical energy

What is the unit of capacitance?
a) Farad
b) Henry
c) Ohm
d) Volt
Answer: a) Farad

Which of the following describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance?
a) Kirchhoff's Law
b) Ohm's Law
c) Faraday's Law
d) Lenz's Law
Answer: b) Ohm's Law

What type of wave is sound?
a) Longitudinal wave
b) Transverse wave
c) Surface wave
d) Electromagnetic wave
Answer: a) Longitudinal wave

Which phenomenon explains why the sky appears blue?
a) Refraction
b) Diffraction
c) Rayleigh scattering
d) Total internal reflection
Answer: c) Rayleigh scattering

The frequency of a wave is defined as:
a) The speed of the wave divided by its wavelength
b) The number of cycles per second
c) The distance between two consecutive crests
d) The amplitude of the wave
Answer: b) The number of cycles per second

The principle of superposition states that:
a) The total energy is conserved in a system
b) The net force acting on an object is the sum of the individual forces
c) The displacement of overlapping waves is the sum of their individual displacements
d) The total momentum in a closed system is constant
Answer: c) The displacement of overlapping waves is the sum of their individual displacements

The Doppler effect refers to:
a) The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the source of the wave
b) The change in energy of a photon due to a moving source
c) The bending of light waves around obstacles
d) The reflection of sound waves
Answer: a) The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the source of the wave

The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as:
a) The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass by 1 degree Celsius
b) The amount of heat required to change the phase of a unit mass
c) The heat energy lost during a phase change
d) The total energy contained in a substance
Answer: a) The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass by 1 degree Celsius

What is the primary function of a fuse in an electrical circuit?
a) To store electrical energy
b) To measure voltage
c) To prevent overcurrent
d) To increase resistance
Answer: c) To prevent overcurrent

In the context of thermodynamics, an isothermal process is defined as:
a) A process at constant pressure
b) A process at constant volume
c) A process at constant temperature
d) A process with no heat exchange
Answer: c) A process at constant temperature

What does a voltmeter measure?
a) Current
b) Resistance
c) Voltage
d) Power
Answer: c) Voltage

The unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI) is:
a) Joule
b) Newton
c) Watt
d) Pascal
Answer: a) Joule

In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle relates to:
a) The conservation of energy in fluid flow
b) The viscosity of fluids
c) The pressure difference in a fluid
d) The temperature of a fluid
Answer: a) The conservation of energy in fluid flow

The speed of a wave is determined by:
a) Its amplitude and frequency
b) Its frequency and wavelength
c) Its wavelength and energy
d) Its amplitude and energy
Answer: b) Its frequency and wavelength

What is the effect of temperature on the resistance of a conductor?
a) Resistance decreases with an increase in temperature
b) Resistance increases with an increase in temperature
c) Resistance remains constant regardless of temperature
d) Resistance varies randomly with temperature
Answer: b) Resistance increases with an increase in temperature

A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is known as:
a) Generator
b) Motor
c) Transformer
d) Capacitor
Answer: b) Motor

In what type of circuit is the current the same at all points?
a) Series circuit
b) Parallel circuit
c) Open circuit
d) Short circuit
Answer: a) Series circuit

What is the principle behind the operation of a barometer?
a) Buoyancy
b) Atmospheric pressure
c) Capillary action
d) Viscosity
Answer: b) Atmospheric pressure

Which of the following quantities is a scalar?
a) Velocity
b) Force
c) Acceleration
d) Temperature
Answer: d) Temperature

What is the function of a relay in an electrical circuit?
a) To measure current
b) To switch circuits on and off
c) To convert AC to DC
d) To store electrical energy
Answer: b) To switch circuits on and off

The center of mass of an object is:
a) The point where the weight of the object is evenly distributed
b) The point at which all the mass of the object is concentrated
c) The average position of all the mass in the object
d) The geometric center of the object
Answer: c) The average position of all the mass in the object

What is the law of conservation of energy?
a) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another
b) Energy can be created and destroyed in nuclear reactions
c) Energy is always lost in mechanical processes
d) Energy is dependent on the mass of an object
Answer: a) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another

Which of the following is a characteristic of an elastic collision?
a) Kinetic energy is conserved
b) Momentum is not conserved
c) Objects stick together after the collision
d) Energy is converted into heat
Answer: a) Kinetic energy is conserved

In a periodic wave, the distance between two consecutive crests is known as:
a) Amplitude
b) Frequency
c) Wavelength
d) Period
Answer: c) Wavelength

What is the purpose of a ground wire in electrical circuits?
a) To provide a pathway for excess charge to dissipate
b) To increase voltage
c) To decrease resistance
d) To store electrical energy
Answer: a) To provide a pathway for excess charge to dissipate

What is the principle behind the operation of a hydraulic lift?
a) Pascal's principle
b) Archimedes' principle
c) Bernoulli's principle
d) Torricelli's law
Answer: a) Pascal's principle

What type of lens is used to correct nearsightedness?
a) Convex lens
b) Concave lens
c) Bifocal lens
d) Cylindrical lens
Answer: b) Concave lens

The measure of how much energy a photon carries is called its:
a) Frequency
b) Wavelength
c) Energy
d) Amplitude
Answer: c) Energy

Which of the following quantities can be described as a vector?
a) Distance
b) Speed
c) Acceleration
d) Mass
Answer: c) Acceleration

What is the effect of doubling the mass of an object on its kinetic energy if its speed remains constant?
a) The kinetic energy doubles
b) The kinetic energy quadruples
c) The kinetic energy remains the same
d) The kinetic energy halves
Answer: a) The kinetic energy doubles

Which type of wave requires a medium to travel through?
a) Electromagnetic waves
b) Sound waves
c) Radio waves
d) Light waves
Answer: b) Sound waves

The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its:
a) Wavelength
b) Frequency
c) Amplitude
d) Velocity
Answer: b) Frequency

What type of motion is described by an object moving in a circular path with a constant speed?
a) Uniform motion
b) Circular motion
c) Harmonic motion
d) Translational motion
Answer: b) Circular motion

The first law of thermodynamics is also known as:
a) The law of conservation of energy
b) The law of entropy
c) The law of thermodynamic equilibrium
d) The law of energy dissipation
Answer: a) The law of conservation of energy

In the context of waves, the term "amplitude" refers to:
a) The distance between two successive crests
b) The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position
c) The speed of the wave
d) The time taken to complete one cycle
Answer: b) The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position

Which of the following is true regarding the specific heat of water?
a) It is low compared to most substances
b) It is high, which allows water to absorb a lot of heat
c) It is zero
d) It changes with temperature
Answer: b) It is high, which allows water to absorb a lot of heat

The electromagnetic spectrum is ordered by:
a) Wavelength
b) Frequency
c) Energy
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

Which particle is responsible for carrying the strong nuclear force?
a) Photon
b) Gluon
c) W and Z bosons
d) Neutrino
Answer: b) Gluon

What is the primary factor affecting the resistance of a conductor?
a) Length of the conductor
b) Temperature of the conductor
c) Cross-sectional area
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

A light wave can exhibit which of the following characteristics?
a) Interference
b) Diffraction
c) Polarization
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

The direction of the magnetic field around a current-carrying wire is determined by:
a) Right-hand rule
b) Left-hand rule
c) Ampere's law
d) Faraday's law
Answer: a) Right-hand rule

What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume decreases at constant temperature?
a) Pressure increases
b) Pressure decreases
c) Pressure remains constant
d) Pressure fluctuates
Answer: a) Pressure increases

Which of the following statements is true about blackbody radiation?
a) It emits radiation only at specific wavelengths
b) It absorbs all incident radiation regardless of wavelength
c) It reflects all incident radiation
d) It emits radiation only when heated
Answer: b) It absorbs all incident radiation regardless of wavelength

What is the phenomenon where a wave bends around an obstacle called?
a) Refraction
b) Reflection
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: c) Diffraction

The work done on an object is equal to the change in:
a) Power
b) Kinetic energy
c) Mass
d) Velocity
Answer: b) Kinetic energy

What does the term "efficiency" in a machine refer to?
a) The ratio of useful work output to total energy input
b) The speed of the machine
c) The total energy consumed
d) The mass of the machine
Answer: a) The ratio of useful work output to total energy input

What is the shape of the path taken by a projectile under the influence of gravity?
a) Straight line
b) Parabolic
c) Circular
d) Elliptical
Answer: b) Parabolic

The SI unit of pressure is:
a) Pascal
b) Newton
c) Joule
d) Watt
Answer: a) Pascal

In the context of electromagnetism, what is a capacitor used for?
a) To store charge
b) To generate voltage
c) To convert AC to DC
d) To measure current
Answer: a) To store charge

The speed of a satellite in orbit depends on which of the following factors?
a) The mass of the satellite
b) The distance from the Earth
c) The altitude above sea level
d) Both b and c
Answer: d) Both b and c

In a series circuit, if one resistor is removed, what happens to the current?
a) Current increases
b) Current decreases
c) Current becomes zero
d) Current remains the same
Answer: c) Current becomes zero

The type of radiation that consists of helium nuclei is called:
a) Alpha radiation
b) Beta radiation
c) Gamma radiation
d) X-rays
Answer: a) Alpha radiation

What is the relationship between the frequency and wavelength of a wave?
a) They are directly proportional
b) They are inversely proportional
c) They are independent of each other
d) They are equal
Answer: b) They are inversely proportional

What does the term "thermal conductivity" refer to?
a) The ability of a material to absorb heat
b) The ability of a material to conduct heat
c) The ability of a material to insulate heat
d) The rate of heat loss from a material
Answer: b) The ability of a material to conduct heat

In an electric circuit, the term "short circuit" refers to:
a) A complete path for current to flow
b) An unintended low-resistance connection
c) A broken circuit
d) A circuit with high resistance
Answer: b) An unintended low-resistance connection

Which of the following describes the state of matter where particles are tightly packed and cannot move freely?
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
d) Plasma
Answer: a) Solid

What happens to the frequency of light as its wavelength increases?
a) Frequency increases
b) Frequency decreases
c) Frequency remains the same
d) Frequency becomes zero
Answer: b) Frequency decreases

In a pendulum, the point at which it swings back and forth is known as the:
a) Equilibrium position
b) Amplitude
c) Crest
d) Trough
Answer: a) Equilibrium position

The phenomenon of light bending as it passes from one medium to another is called:
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: b) Refraction

Which of the following statements about the conservation of momentum is true?
a) It applies only in elastic collisions
b) It applies in all closed systems
c) It applies only to isolated systems
d) It applies only to inelastic collisions
Answer: b) It applies in all closed systems

What is the name of the graph that shows the relationship between pressure and volume in a gas?
a) Phase diagram
b) P-V diagram
c) Temperature-time graph
d) Volume-time graph
Answer: b) P-V diagram

In physics, what does the term "work" refer to?
a) The energy transferred by a force acting over a distance
b) The total energy of a system
c) The change in potential energy
d) The rate of energy consumption
Answer: a) The energy transferred by a force acting over a distance

Which of the following quantities is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance?
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Volume
d) Density
Answer: a) Temperature

What type of nuclear decay involves the emission of an electron?
a) Alpha decay
b) Beta decay
c) Gamma decay
d) Positron emission
Answer: b) Beta decay

Which principle states that the pressure of a fluid decreases as its velocity increases?
a) Archimedes' principle
b) Bernoulli's principle
c) Pascal's principle
d) Pascal's law
Answer: b) Bernoulli's principle

In which type of collision is kinetic energy not conserved?
a) Elastic collision
b) Inelastic collision
c) Perfectly elastic collision
d) Superelastic collision
Answer: b) Inelastic collision

The unit of measurement for electrical power is:
a) Volt
b) Ampere
c) Watt
d) Joule
Answer: c) Watt

What happens to the sound level as the distance from the sound source increases?
a) Sound level increases
b) Sound level decreases
c) Sound level remains constant
d) Sound level fluctuates
Answer: b) Sound level decreases

In a magnetic field, the force on a charged particle is maximum when:
a) The particle moves parallel to the field lines
b) The particle moves perpendicular to the field lines
c) The particle is at rest
d) The particle moves in a circular path
Answer: b) The particle moves perpendicular to the field lines

Which of the following is a consequence of the law of conservation of angular momentum?
a) A spinning ice skater spins faster as she pulls in her arms
b) A falling object accelerates at 9.8 m/s²
c) A pendulum swings back and forth
d) A car moving at constant speed goes around a curve
Answer: a) A spinning ice skater spins faster as she pulls in her arms

In which type of wave does the oscillation of particles occur perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation?
a) Longitudinal wave
b) Transverse wave
c) Surface wave
d) Electromagnetic wave
Answer: b) Transverse wave

Which of the following phenomena is responsible for the formation of a rainbow?
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: d) Dispersion

What is the relationship between mass and weight?
a) Weight is equal to mass times gravitational acceleration
b) Weight is mass divided by gravitational acceleration
c) Mass is independent of weight
d) Weight is always greater than mass
Answer: a) Weight is equal to mass times gravitational acceleration

In which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does visible light lie?
a) Infrared region
b) Ultraviolet region
c) Between infrared and ultraviolet
d) Microwave region
Answer: c) Between infrared and ultraviolet

What is the formula for calculating the period of a simple pendulum?
a) T = 2π√(L/g)
b) T = g/L
c) T = 2πL/g
d) T = √(g/L)
Answer: a) T = 2π√(L/g)

What is the SI unit of electric charge?
a) Volt
b) Ampere
c) Coulomb
d) Joule
Answer: c) Coulomb

Which of the following is a scalar quantity?
a) Displacement
b) Velocity
c) Acceleration
d) Temperature
Answer: d) Temperature

In a vacuum, which type of electromagnetic radiation travels the fastest?
a) Radio waves
b) Infrared waves
c) X-rays
d) All travel at the same speed
Answer: d) All travel at the same speed

What is the function of a transformer?
a) To convert DC to AC
b) To change the voltage of an AC signal
c) To store electrical energy
d) To measure electrical current
Answer: b) To change the voltage of an AC signal

What is the law of reflection?
a) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of refraction
b) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
c) The angle of incidence is greater than the angle of reflection
d) The angle of reflection is always zero
Answer: b) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

The phenomenon of light bending when it passes through a prism is called:
a) Reflection
b) Diffraction
c) Refraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: d) Dispersion

Which device is used to measure atmospheric pressure?
a) Barometer
b) Anemometer
c) Hygrometer
d) Thermometer
Answer: a) Barometer

What type of lens is used in a magnifying glass?
a) Concave lens
b) Convex lens
c) Bifocal lens
d) Cylindrical lens
Answer: b) Convex lens

The force of gravity between two objects depends on:
a) Their masses and the distance between them
b) Their volumes
c) Their temperatures
d) Their shapes
Answer: a) Their masses and the distance between them

Which principle explains why a bird can fly?
a) Newton's first law
b) Bernoulli's principle
c) Pascal's principle
d) Archimedes' principle
Answer: b) Bernoulli's principle

The frequency of a wave is defined as:
a) The distance between two consecutive crests
b) The number of wavelengths that pass a point in one second
c) The height of the wave
d) The speed of the wave
Answer: b) The number of wavelengths that pass a point in one second

In which type of thermodynamic process does the volume of a gas remain constant?
a) Isothermal process
b) Adiabatic process
c) Isochoric process
d) Isobaric process
Answer: c) Isochoric process

The speed of sound is highest in which state of matter?
a) Gas
b) Liquid
c) Solid
d) Plasma
Answer: c) Solid

Which of the following waves can travel through a vacuum?
a) Sound waves
b) Water waves
c) Light waves
d) All of the above
Answer: c) Light waves

What is the primary function of a capacitor in an electrical circuit?
a) To store electrical energy
b) To convert AC to DC
c) To increase voltage
d) To decrease current
Answer: a) To store electrical energy

The total mechanical energy of a system is conserved in:
a) Inelastic collisions only
b) Elastic collisions only
c) All types of collisions
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Elastic collisions only

The motion of a pendulum is an example of:
a) Uniform motion
b) Simple harmonic motion
c) Circular motion
d) Translational motion
Answer: b) Simple harmonic motion

The unit of measurement for sound intensity is:
a) Decibel
b) Hertz
c) Pascal
d) Joule
Answer: a) Decibel

What is the main cause of the seasons on Earth?
a) The distance of Earth from the Sun
b) The tilt of Earth's axis
c) The shape of Earth
d) The Sun's varying energy output
Answer: b) The tilt of Earth's axis

What is the law of universal gravitation?
a) Every point mass attracts every other point mass
b) Objects at rest tend to stay at rest
c) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
d) Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Answer: a) Every point mass attracts every other point mass

What is the primary purpose of a fuse in an electrical circuit?
a) To increase voltage
b) To measure current
c) To provide a path for current
d) To protect against overcurrent
Answer: d) To protect against overcurrent

Which type of mirror is used in a vehicle's side mirror to provide a wider field of view?
a) Plane mirror
b) Concave mirror
c) Convex mirror
d) Cylindrical mirror
Answer: c) Convex mirror

In thermodynamics, the term "entropy" is a measure of:
a) Energy transfer
b) Disorder or randomness
c) Heat flow
d) Work done
Answer: b) Disorder or randomness

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental force in nature?
a) Gravitational force
b) Electromagnetic force
c) Nuclear force
d) Frictional force
Answer: d) Frictional force

The critical angle is associated with which phenomenon?
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Absorption
Answer: b) Refraction

What does the term "voltage" refer to in an electrical circuit?
a) The flow of electric charge
b) The potential difference between two points
c) The energy consumed per unit charge
d) The resistance of a conductor
Answer: b) The potential difference between two points

What is the primary factor that determines the color of an object?
a) Its temperature
b) The wavelengths of light it reflects
c) Its mass
d) Its density
Answer: b) The wavelengths of light it reflects

Which phenomenon explains the bending of light waves as they pass from one medium to another?
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: b) Refraction

Which particle has a negative charge?
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Positron
Answer: c) Electron

The first law of thermodynamics can also be expressed as:
a) ΔU = Q - W
b) W = Q + ΔU
c) Q = W + ΔU
d) W = Q - ΔU
Answer: a) ΔU = Q - W

What is the unit of frequency?
a) Joule
b) Newton
c) Hertz
d) Watt
Answer: c) Hertz

The bending of light around corners and obstacles is known as:
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: c) Diffraction

Which device converts electrical energy into mechanical energy?
a) Generator
b) Transformer
c) Motor
d) Resistor
Answer: c) Motor

The temperature at which all molecular motion stops is known as:
a) Absolute zero
b) Freezing point
c) Boiling point
d) Critical temperature
Answer: a) Absolute zero

In a longitudinal wave, the regions where particles are close together are called:
a) Crests
b) Troughs
c) Compressions
d) Rarefactions
Answer: c) Compressions

The total energy in a closed system is:
a) Always increasing
b) Always decreasing
c) Conserved
d) Not defined
Answer: c) Conserved

Which of the following statements about electric current is true?
a) It flows from negative to positive
b) It flows from positive to negative
c) It has no direction
d) It is always alternating
Answer: b) It flows from positive to negative

What is the primary function of a prism in optics?
a) To reflect light
b) To disperse light into its component colors
c) To magnify objects
d) To filter light
Answer: b) To disperse light into its component colors

The rate of change of velocity is known as:
a) Speed
b) Acceleration
c) Force
d) Momentum
Answer: b) Acceleration

Which type of lens causes parallel rays of light to converge?
a) Concave lens
b) Convex lens
c) Cylindrical lens
d) Bifocal lens
Answer: b) Convex lens

The device used to measure the intensity of an earthquake is called:
a) Barometer
b) Seismometer
c) Thermometer
d) Hygrometer
Answer: b) Seismometer

In physics, the term "work" is defined as:
a) Force applied over distance
b) Energy stored in an object
c) The rate of energy transfer
d) The energy needed to start motion
Answer: a) Force applied over distance

Which of the following laws states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it?
a) Faraday's law
b) Ohm's law
c) Kirchhoff's law
d) Ampere's law
Answer: b) Ohm's law

What is the term for the energy possessed by an object due to its motion?
a) Potential energy
b) Kinetic energy
c) Thermal energy
d) Mechanical energy
Answer: b) Kinetic energy

The phenomenon of light spreading out after passing through a small aperture is called:
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: c) Diffraction

The resistance of a conductor is affected by:
a) Its length, cross-sectional area, and material
b) Its temperature only
c) Its shape only
d) Its voltage
Answer: a) Its length, cross-sectional area, and material

The concept of a "black body" in physics refers to:
a) An object that reflects all light
b) An object that absorbs all radiation
c) An object that emits only visible light
d) An object with a perfect insulating property
Answer: b) An object that absorbs all radiation

Which of the following particles is found in the nucleus of an atom?
a) Electron
b) Proton
c) Photon
d) Neutron
Answer: b) Proton

The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature is described by:
a) Charles's law
b) Boyle's law
c) Avogadro's law
d) Gay-Lussac's law
Answer: b) Boyle's law

What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
a) 3 × 10^6 m/s
b) 3 × 10^8 m/s
c) 3 × 10^10 m/s
d) 3 × 10^12 m/s
Answer: b) 3 × 10^8 m/s

Which of the following quantities is conserved in an isolated system?
a) Energy
b) Force
c) Temperature
d) Friction
Answer: a) Energy

What is the effect of increasing the temperature on the resistance of a typical conductor?
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains constant
d) First increases, then decreases
Answer: a) Increases

Which phenomenon explains the appearance of colors in soap bubbles?
a) Reflection
b) Interference
c) Refraction
d) Diffraction
Answer: b) Interference

The unit of electrical capacitance is:
a) Farad
b) Henry
c) Tesla
d) Joule
Answer: a) Farad

Which of the following devices converts sound energy into electrical energy?
a) Microphone
b) Loudspeaker
c) Generator
d) Thermocouple
Answer: a) Microphone

What is the primary factor that affects the speed of a sound wave in a medium?
a) Frequency
b) Temperature
c) Amplitude
d) Intensity
Answer: b) Temperature

Which type of electromagnetic radiation is most harmful to human tissue?
a) Infrared
b) Ultraviolet
c) X-rays
d) Gamma rays
Answer: d) Gamma rays

When a light wave enters a denser medium, its speed:
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Stays the same
d) Depends on the color of light
Answer: b) Decreases

The angular velocity of a rotating object is measured in:
a) Meters per second
b) Radians per second
c) Degrees per second
d) Revolutions per second
Answer: b) Radians per second

What is the main function of a diode?
a) To store charge
b) To convert AC to DC
c) To amplify a signal
d) To act as a resistor
Answer: b) To convert AC to DC

In an elastic collision, which quantity is always conserved?
a) Momentum only
b) Kinetic energy only
c) Both momentum and kinetic energy
d) Neither momentum nor kinetic energy
Answer: c) Both momentum and kinetic energy

Which of the following best describes the second law of thermodynamics?
a) Energy cannot be created or destroyed
b) Entropy of an isolated system always increases
c) Energy can be transferred from one form to another
d) The total energy in a closed system remains constant
Answer: b) Entropy of an isolated system always increases

Which type of mirror causes light rays to diverge?
a) Concave
b) Convex
c) Plane
d) Spherical
Answer: b) Convex

The time taken for one complete cycle of a wave is called:
a) Frequency
b) Amplitude
c) Period
d) Wavelength
Answer: c) Period

Which of the following is NOT a property of electromagnetic waves?
a) They can travel through a vacuum
b) They require a medium to travel
c) They have different wavelengths and frequencies
d) They travel at the speed of light in a vacuum
Answer: b) They require a medium to travel

What happens to the gravitational potential energy of an object as it is lifted higher above the ground?
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains constant
d) Becomes zero
Answer: a) Increases

Which of the following particles is electrically neutral?
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Positron
Answer: b) Neutron

Which of these is a non-renewable energy source?
a) Solar energy
b) Wind energy
c) Coal
d) Geothermal energy
Answer: c) Coal

The force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid is called:
a) Friction
b) Tension
c) Drag
d) Torque
Answer: c) Drag

In a parallel circuit, the total resistance is:
a) The sum of all individual resistances
b) Less than the smallest individual resistance
c) Equal to the largest individual resistance
d) Equal to the voltage divided by the current
Answer: b) Less than the smallest individual resistance

Which principle explains why objects float or sink in fluids?
a) Pascal's principle
b) Bernoulli's principle
c) Archimedes' principle
d) Newton's second law
Answer: c) Archimedes' principle

The refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the:
a) Medium
b) Another vacuum
c) Object
d) Gravitational field
Answer: a) Medium

The phenomenon where light changes direction as it passes from one medium to another is called:
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: b) Refraction

In which of the following processes does heat transfer occur without the movement of matter?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Evaporation
Answer: c) Radiation

The capacitance of a capacitor depends on:
a) The potential difference across the plates
b) The area of the plates and the distance between them
c) The resistance in the circuit
d) The amount of current flowing through the plates
Answer: b) The area of the plates and the distance between them

An electric field is produced by:
a) A moving magnetic field
b) A charged object
c) A moving object
d) A rotating object
Answer: b) A charged object

What is the effect of increasing the frequency of a light wave on its energy?
a) Energy decreases
b) Energy remains constant
c) Energy increases
d) Energy is not related to frequency
Answer: c) Energy increases

The Doppler effect refers to the change in:
a) Speed of a wave
b) Frequency of a wave
c) Amplitude of a wave
d) Wavelength of a wave
Answer: b) Frequency of a wave

Which of the following is NOT an example of electromagnetic radiation?
a) Radio waves
b) Sound waves
c) X-rays
d) Ultraviolet light
Answer: b) Sound waves

Which type of current flows in one direction only?
a) Alternating current (AC)
b) Direct current (DC)
c) Induced current
d) Pulsating current
Answer: b) Direct current (DC)

The law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as:
a) The law of conservation of energy
b) The law of conservation of mass
c) The law of thermodynamics
d) The law of motion
Answer: a) The law of conservation of energy

A positron is the antiparticle of which of the following?
a) Electron
b) Proton
c) Neutron
d) Photon
Answer: a) Electron

In a simple DC motor, which part is responsible for reversing the direction of current through the coil?
a) Stator
b) Armature
c) Commutator
d) Rotor
Answer: c) Commutator

The wavelength of a wave is defined as the distance between:
a) Two consecutive crests or troughs
b) Two consecutive rarefactions
c) A crest and a trough
d) A point on one wave and the same point on the next wave
Answer: a) Two consecutive crests or troughs

The change in velocity of an object is known as:
a) Acceleration
b) Force
c) Displacement
d) Momentum
Answer: a) Acceleration

The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit is called:
a) Resistance
b) Current
c) Voltage
d) Power
Answer: c) Voltage

The bending of waves around obstacles is known as:
a) Diffraction
b) Refraction
c) Reflection
d) Interference
Answer: a) Diffraction

What type of lens would you use to correct nearsightedness (myopia)?
a) Convex lens
b) Concave lens
c) Cylindrical lens
d) Bifocal lens
Answer: b) Concave lens

Which of the following best describes Newton's third law of motion?
a) An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force
b) Force equals mass times acceleration
c) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
d) The total momentum of an isolated system remains constant
Answer: c) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

The magnetic field inside a long solenoid is:
a) Uniform
b) Zero
c) Weakest at the center
d) Strongest near the ends
Answer: a) Uniform

The amount of work done when a force of 10 N moves an object 5 meters in the direction of the force is:
a) 2 Joules
b) 50 Joules
c) 100 Joules
d) 500 Joules
Answer: b) 50 Joules

The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time taken for:
a) The substance to completely decay
b) The substance to lose half of its energy
c) Half of the substance's nuclei to decay
d) The substance's activity to double
Answer: c) Half of the substance's nuclei to decay

Which law relates the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature?
a) Charles's law
b) Boyle's law
c) Avogadro's law
d) Ideal gas law
Answer: b) Boyle's law

What is the SI unit of magnetic flux?
a) Tesla
b) Weber
c) Henry
d) Farad
Answer: b) Weber

Which of the following is an example of a scalar quantity?
a) Velocity
b) Displacement
c) Force
d) Temperature
Answer: d) Temperature

The kinetic energy of an object is directly proportional to its:
a) Mass
b) Speed squared
c) Velocity
d) Height
Answer: b) Speed squared

What is the main function of a transformer in an electrical circuit?
a) To change the resistance
b) To convert DC to AC
c) To step up or step down voltage
d) To store electrical energy
Answer: c) To step up or step down voltage

Which of the following describes the photoelectric effect?
a) The emission of electrons from a metal surface when light shines on it
b) The bending of light around obstacles
c) The splitting of light into its constituent colors
d) The change in direction of light when passing through a medium
Answer: a) The emission of electrons from a metal surface when light shines on it

The product of mass and velocity is called:
a) Acceleration
b) Kinetic energy
c) Momentum
d) Force
Answer: c) Momentum

Which of the following best describes Hooke's law?
a) The force applied on an object is proportional to its mass.
b) The force needed to extend or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement.
c) The total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
d) The force between two charges decreases with the square of the distance between them.
Answer: b) The force needed to extend or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement.

What type of motion does a pendulum exhibit?
a) Circular motion
b) Oscillatory motion
c) Random motion
d) Linear motion
Answer: b) Oscillatory motion

The unit of power in the International System of Units (SI) is:
a) Joule
b) Watt
c) Newton
d) Ampere
Answer: b) Watt

In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at the same:
a) Frequency
b) Speed
c) Wavelength
d) Amplitude
Answer: b) Speed

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion is called:
a) Force
b) Inertia
c) Momentum
d) Acceleration
Answer: b) Inertia

Which of the following is NOT an example of simple harmonic motion?
a) A swinging pendulum
b) A mass attached to a spring
c) A planet orbiting the sun
d) A vibrating tuning fork
Answer: c) A planet orbiting the sun

What happens to the pressure of a gas if the volume is halved, while keeping the temperature constant?
a) Pressure doubles
b) Pressure is halved
c) Pressure remains the same
d) Pressure quadruples
Answer: a) Pressure doubles

Which quantity is measured in coulombs?
a) Electric charge
b) Electric current
c) Voltage
d) Resistance
Answer: a) Electric charge

Which of the following is a non-contact force?
a) Tension
b) Friction
c) Gravitational force
d) Normal force
Answer: c) Gravitational force

The property of a material that allows it to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed is called:
a) Plasticity
b) Elasticity
c) Viscosity
d) Ductility
Answer: b) Elasticity

The focal length of a concave mirror is:
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Variable
Answer: b) Negative

In a nuclear reactor, which particles are used to sustain the chain reaction?
a) Protons
b) Electrons
c) Neutrons
d) Photons
Answer: c) Neutrons

The force that causes an object to move in a circular path is called:
a) Centripetal force
b) Gravitational force
c) Normal force
d) Frictional force
Answer: a) Centripetal force

What is the main function of a resistor in an electric circuit?
a) To increase the current
b) To limit the current
c) To store electrical energy
d) To convert DC to AC
Answer: b) To limit the current

The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction was discovered by:
a) Albert Einstein
b) James Clerk Maxwell
c) Michael Faraday
d) Isaac Newton
Answer: c) Michael Faraday

Which of the following is NOT true about sound waves?
a) They are mechanical waves
b) They can travel through a vacuum
c) They require a medium to propagate
d) Their speed depends on the medium
Answer: b) They can travel through a vacuum

A magnetic field exerts a force on a moving:
a) Neutral particle
b) Charged particle
c) Static charge
d) Magnetic dipole
Answer: b) Charged particle

Which of the following phenomena demonstrates the particle nature of light?
a) Diffraction
b) Interference
c) Polarization
d) Photoelectric effect
Answer: d) Photoelectric effect

The energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring is called:
a) Kinetic energy
b) Elastic potential energy
c) Gravitational potential energy
d) Thermal energy
Answer: b) Elastic potential energy

Which of the following best describes a superconductor?
a) A material that has zero electrical resistance at low temperatures
b) A material that conducts electricity with some resistance
c) A material that insulates electricity
d) A material that amplifies electric currents
Answer: a) A material that has zero electrical resistance at low temperatures

Which of the following devices is used to store electrical energy in an electric field?
a) Inductor
b) Transformer
c) Resistor
d) Capacitor
Answer: d) Capacitor

The resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its:
a) Length
b) Cross-sectional area
c) Voltage
d) Current
Answer: a) Length

In a vacuum, the speed of light is approximately:
a) 3 × 10^8 m/s
b) 3 × 10^6 m/s
c) 3 × 10^10 m/s
d) 3 × 10^4 m/s
Answer: a) 3 × 10^8 m/s

Which of the following elements is used as fuel in most nuclear reactors?
a) Carbon
b) Uranium
c) Hydrogen
d) Helium
Answer: b) Uranium

The rate at which work is done is called:
a) Energy
b) Power
c) Force
d) Momentum
Answer: b) Power

What is the angle of incidence for light striking a plane mirror when the angle of reflection is 30 degrees?
a) 0 degrees
b) 30 degrees
c) 45 degrees
d) 60 degrees
Answer: b) 30 degrees

Which type of material is most likely to become positively charged when rubbed with a cloth?
a) Glass
b) Copper
c) Rubber
d) Aluminum
Answer: a) Glass

In a vacuum, the acceleration due to gravity on Earth is approximately:
a) 3.8 m/s²
b) 6.9 m/s²
c) 9.8 m/s²
d) 12.6 m/s²
Answer: c) 9.8 m/s²

The process by which a solid changes directly to a gas is called:
a) Melting
b) Evaporation
c) Sublimation
d) Condensation
Answer: c) Sublimation

Which of the following quantities is conserved in an elastic collision?
a) Kinetic energy and momentum
b) Kinetic energy only
c) Momentum only
d) Neither kinetic energy nor momentum
Answer: a) Kinetic energy and momentum

Which of the following is a unit of frequency?
a) Hertz
b) Joule
c) Newton
d) Tesla
Answer: a) Hertz

In a circuit, which device is used to measure current?
a) Voltmeter
b) Ammeter
c) Galvanometer
d) Ohmmeter
Answer: b) Ammeter

Which of the following phenomena demonstrates the wave nature of light?
a) Photoelectric effect
b) Compton effect
c) Diffraction
d) Pair production
Answer: c) Diffraction

A charged particle moving in a magnetic field experiences maximum force when the particle's motion is:
a) Parallel to the magnetic field
b) Perpendicular to the magnetic field
c) At an angle of 45 degrees to the magnetic field
d) In the same direction as the magnetic field
Answer: b) Perpendicular to the magnetic field

Which of the following is a renewable energy source?
a) Natural gas
b) Coal
c) Wind energy
d) Nuclear energy
Answer: c) Wind energy

The work done by a constant force is calculated as the product of the force and:
a) Speed
b) Distance moved in the direction of the force
c) Time
d) Mass
Answer: b) Distance moved in the direction of the force

In the Bohr model of the atom, electrons move in:
a) Elliptical orbits
b) Circular orbits
c) Random orbits
d) Hyperbolic orbits
Answer: b) Circular orbits

Which physical quantity is a measure of an object's resistance to angular acceleration?
a) Torque
b) Angular velocity
c) Moment of inertia
d) Angular momentum
Answer: c) Moment of inertia

The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of:
a) Neutrons
b) Protons
c) Electrons
d) Both protons and electrons
Answer: b) Protons

Which of the following statements is true for an object moving with uniform circular motion?
a) The velocity is constant
b) The speed is constant
c) The acceleration is zero
d) The angular velocity is zero
Answer: b) The speed is constant

Which type of wave requires a medium to travel?
a) Electromagnetic wave
b) Transverse wave
c) Sound wave
d) X-ray
Answer: c) Sound wave

The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of:
a) Refraction
b) Diffraction
c) Reflection
d) Polarization
Answer: c) Reflection

Which physical principle explains why an ice skater spins faster when pulling in their arms?
a) Conservation of mass
b) Conservation of momentum
c) Conservation of angular momentum
d) Conservation of energy
Answer: c) Conservation of angular momentum

Which quantity remains constant in an adiabatic process?
a) Temperature
b) Volume
c) Heat
d) Pressure
Answer: c) Heat

What is the approximate wavelength of visible light?
a) 10⁻⁶ meters
b) 10⁻⁵ meters
c) 10⁻⁷ meters
d) 10⁻⁹ meters
Answer: c) 10⁻⁷ meters

The SI unit of pressure is the:
a) Newton
b) Joule
c) Pascal
d) Watt
Answer: c) Pascal

Which of the following waves is used in radar systems?
a) Gamma rays
b) Radio waves
c) Infrared waves
d) Microwaves
Answer: d) Microwaves

The quantity that represents the rate of change of angular velocity is called:
a) Angular momentum
b) Angular displacement
c) Angular acceleration
d) Angular frequency
Answer: c) Angular acceleration

In a vacuum, the ratio of electric force to gravitational force between two electrons is:
a) Zero
b) Extremely small
c) Extremely large
d) One
Answer: c) Extremely large

What is the role of a moderator in a nuclear reactor?
a) To speed up neutrons
b) To slow down neutrons
c) To absorb neutrons
d) To reflect neutrons
Answer: b) To slow down neutrons

The change in the wavelength of light due to the motion of a source relative to an observer is known as:
a) Reflection
b) Doppler effect
c) Refraction
d) Diffraction
Answer: b) Doppler effect

What is the main purpose of a fuse in an electric circuit?
a) To reduce current
b) To prevent excessive current
c) To increase voltage
d) To store energy
Answer: b) To prevent excessive current

Which of the following is a vector quantity?
a) Mass
b) Temperature
c) Velocity
d) Energy
Answer: c) Velocity

Which of these electromagnetic waves has the highest frequency?
a) Radio waves
b) Infrared radiation
c) Ultraviolet radiation
d) Gamma rays
Answer: d) Gamma rays

An object is said to be in equilibrium when:
a) It is at rest
b) The net force acting on it is zero
c) It is moving with uniform velocity
d) It is accelerating
Answer: b) The net force acting on it is zero

Which of the following is an example of a transverse wave?
a) Sound wave
b) Water wave
c) Longitudinal wave
d) Seismic wave
Answer: b) Water wave

The first law of thermodynamics is essentially a statement of the law of:
a) Conservation of momentum
b) Conservation of mass
c) Conservation of energy
d) Conservation of charge
Answer: c) Conservation of energy

The unit of electrical resistance is the:
a) Watt
b) Volt
c) Ohm
d) Coulomb
Answer: c) Ohm

The property of a material that opposes the flow of electric current is called:
a) Conductance
b) Capacitance
c) Resistance
d) Inductance
Answer: c) Resistance

What happens to the frequency of a wave as its wavelength decreases, assuming the speed of the wave remains constant?
a) Frequency decreases
b) Frequency increases
c) Frequency remains the same
d) Wavelength becomes zero
Answer: b) Frequency increases

Which of the following is NOT a form of energy?
a) Kinetic energy
b) Gravitational potential energy
c) Elastic energy
d) Weight
Answer: d) Weight

The moment of force is the product of the force and the:
a) Distance from the pivot
b) Mass of the object
c) Speed of the object
d) Time of application
Answer: a) Distance from the pivot

The magnetic field inside a long, current-carrying solenoid is:
a) Zero
b) Uniform
c) Strongest at the ends
d) Dependent on the shape of the solenoid
Answer: b) Uniform

Which of the following is an example of nuclear fusion?
a) The explosion of an atomic bomb
b) The sun producing energy
c) Radioactive decay
d) The use of a nuclear reactor
Answer: b) The sun producing energy

In an AC circuit, the current reverses direction:
a) Once per cycle
b) Twice per cycle
c) Four times per cycle
d) Never
Answer: b) Twice per cycle

Which of the following instruments is used to measure atmospheric pressure?
a) Thermometer
b) Hydrometer
c) Barometer
d) Voltmeter
Answer: c) Barometer

Which scientist is known for formulating the three laws of motion?
a) Albert Einstein
b) Isaac Newton
c) Galileo Galilei
d) James Clerk Maxwell
Answer: b) Isaac Newton

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom is called the:
a) Ionization energy
b) Binding energy
c) Excitation energy
d) Fermi energy
Answer: a) Ionization energy

Which of the following is used to correct farsightedness?
a) Concave lens
b) Convex lens
c) Cylindrical lens
d) Planar lens
Answer: b) Convex lens

When a wave passes through a small opening and spreads out, it is called:
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: c) Diffraction

The motion of planets around the sun is an example of:
a) Uniform linear motion
b) Rotational motion
c) Translational motion
d) Uniform circular motion
Answer: d) Uniform circular motion

The potential energy of an object at a height is given by the expression:
a) mgh
b) ½ mv²
c) mv
d) mg²
Answer: a) mgh

Which principle explains the buoyant force acting on objects submerged in fluids?
a) Pascal’s principle
b) Bernoulli’s principle
c) Archimedes' principle
d) Newton’s third law
Answer: c) Archimedes' principle

The time taken for one complete oscillation of a pendulum is called the:
a) Amplitude
b) Period
c) Frequency
d) Wavelength
Answer: b) Period

What is the energy carried by electromagnetic waves called?
a) Sound energy
b) Kinetic energy
c) Thermal energy
d) Radiant energy
Answer: d) Radiant energy

In which medium does sound travel the fastest?
a) Air
b) Water
c) Steel
d) Vacuum
Answer: c) Steel

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another is known as:
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Dispersion
d) Diffraction
Answer: b) Refraction

The SI unit of work is:
a) Newton
b) Joule
c) Pascal
d) Watt
Answer: b) Joule

When two objects collide and stick together, the collision is called:
a) Elastic collision
b) Inelastic collision
c) Perfectly elastic collision
d) Gravitational collision
Answer: b) Inelastic collision

What kind of mirror is used in vehicle headlights to focus light into a beam?
a) Concave mirror
b) Convex mirror
c) Plane mirror
d) Parabolic mirror
Answer: a) Concave mirror

A unit of inductance is the:
a) Farad
b) Coulomb
c) Tesla
d) Henry
Answer: d) Henry

Which quantity represents the rotational equivalent of force?
a) Torque
b) Angular velocity
c) Moment of inertia
d) Angular momentum
Answer: a) Torque

The separation of light into different colors is called:
a) Reflection
b) Diffraction
c) Dispersion
d) Polarization
Answer: c) Dispersion

The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it, according to:
a) Faraday’s law
b) Coulomb’s law
c) Ohm’s law
d) Ampere’s law
Answer: c) Ohm’s law

The escape velocity from Earth's surface is approximately:
a) 5 km/s
b) 8 km/s
c) 11 km/s
d) 15 km/s
Answer: c) 11 km/s

Which of the following best explains why astronauts feel weightless in orbit?
a) There is no gravity in space
b) They are far from Earth
c) They are in free fall
d) They are moving at a very high speed
Answer: c) They are in free fall

An object moving in a circle at constant speed has constant:
a) Velocity
b) Acceleration
c) Angular velocity
d) Momentum
Answer: c) Angular velocity

Which subatomic particle has no electric charge?
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Positron
Answer: b) Neutron

A positively charged ion is known as a:
a) Cation
b) Anion
c) Neutral ion
d) Photon
Answer: a) Cation

Which of the following quantities is NOT a vector?
a) Force
b) Displacement
c) Mass
d) Velocity
Answer: c) Mass

The force that acts perpendicular to the surface of an object in contact is called the:
a) Gravitational force
b) Normal force
c) Frictional force
d) Tension
Answer: b) Normal force

The time taken for one complete wave to pass a given point is called the:
a) Frequency
b) Period
c) Wavelength
d) Amplitude
Answer: b) Period

The force that opposes the motion of objects sliding over each other is called:
a) Tension
b) Friction
c) Normal force
d) Centripetal force
Answer: b) Friction

The unit of electric charge is the:
a) Joule
b) Watt
c) Coulomb
d) Volt
Answer: c) Coulomb

A device that stores electric charge is called a:
a) Inductor
b) Resistor
c) Capacitor
d) Transformer
Answer: c) Capacitor

The term used to describe the speed and direction of an object is:
a) Acceleration
b) Force
c) Velocity
d) Momentum
Answer: c) Velocity

Which of the following is NOT an electromagnetic wave?
a) Sound wave
b) Gamma ray
c) X-ray
d) Infrared radiation
Answer: a) Sound wave

Which law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature?
a) Charles' law
b) Boyle's law
c) Avogadro's law
d) Pascal's law
Answer: b) Boyle's law

Which type of current is produced by batteries?
a) Alternating current (AC)
b) Direct current (DC)
c) Induced current
d) Static current
Answer: b) Direct current (DC)

What is the unit of magnetic field strength?
a) Coulomb
b) Tesla
c) Newton
d) Farad
Answer: b) Tesla

Which of the following forces acts between two charged objects?
a) Gravitational force
b) Electromagnetic force
c) Nuclear force
d) Weak force
Answer: b) Electromagnetic force

The SI unit of power is the:
a) Joule
b) Watt
c) Newton
d) Ampere
Answer: b) Watt

Which of the following instruments is used to measure electric potential difference?
a) Voltmeter
b) Ammeter
c) Galvanometer
d) Wattmeter
Answer: a) Voltmeter

The resistance of a conductor depends on its:
a) Length
b) Temperature
c) Cross-sectional area
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of:
a) Sound
b) Light
c) Gravity
d) Neutrons
Answer: b) Light

The splitting of light into its component colors by a prism is called:
a) Refraction
b) Reflection
c) Dispersion
d) Diffraction
Answer: c) Dispersion

Which of the following particles carries a negative charge?
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Photon
Answer: c) Electron

Which of the following types of energy is associated with the random motion of molecules?
a) Kinetic energy
b) Potential energy
c) Thermal energy
d) Chemical energy
Answer: c) Thermal energy

When a liquid changes to a gas, the process is called:
a) Melting
b) Sublimation
c) Evaporation
d) Freezing
Answer: c) Evaporation

The force that causes objects to move in a circular path is called:
a) Centripetal force
b) Frictional force
c) Gravitational force
d) Tension
Answer: a) Centripetal force

A device used to detect and measure radiation is called a:
a) Galvanometer
b) Electrometer
c) Geiger counter
d) Ammeter
Answer: c) Geiger counter

What is the formula for calculating momentum?
a) mv²
b) mgh
c) mv
d) ½mv²
Answer: c) mv

The energy stored in an object due to its position is called:
a) Kinetic energy
b) Thermal energy
c) Elastic energy
d) Potential energy
Answer: d) Potential energy

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental force of nature?
a) Gravitational force
b) Electromagnetic force
c) Frictional force
d) Weak nuclear force
Answer: c) Frictional force

Which of the following materials is a good conductor of electricity?
a) Rubber
b) Wood
c) Copper
d) Glass
Answer: c) Copper

The phenomenon in which light bounces off a surface is known as:
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Polarization
Answer: a) Reflection

The ability of a material to be stretched or compressed and then return to its original shape is called:
a) Elasticity
b) Plasticity
c) Viscosity
d) Conductivity
Answer: a) Elasticity

What is the process by which a nucleus of a large atom splits into two smaller nuclei called?
a) Nuclear fusion
b) Nuclear fission
c) Radioactive decay
d) Pair production
Answer: b) Nuclear fission

Which of the following is a property of a longitudinal wave?
a) The particles move perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
b) The particles move parallel to the direction of wave propagation
c) The wave travels only in a vacuum
d) It does not transfer energy
Answer: b) The particles move parallel to the direction of wave propagation

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid is called the:
a) Boiling point
b) Freezing point
c) Melting point
d) Sublimation point
Answer: c) Melting point

The direction of the magnetic field around a straight current-carrying conductor can be determined using:
a) Ampere's law
b) Lenz's law
c) Right-hand rule
d) Ohm's law
Answer: c) Right-hand rule

Which scientist is known for his work on electromagnetic induction?
a) Isaac Newton
b) Michael Faraday
c) Albert Einstein
d) Niels Bohr
Answer: b) Michael Faraday

In an ideal gas, which of the following remains constant during an isothermal process?
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Volume
d) Number of particles
Answer: a) Temperature

Which of the following types of waves can travel through a vacuum?
a) Sound waves
b) Mechanical waves
c) Electromagnetic waves
d) Seismic waves
Answer: c) Electromagnetic waves

A device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy is called a:
a) Generator
b) Transformer
c) Battery
d) Inductor
Answer: c) Battery

Which of the following quantities is conserved in all collisions, both elastic and inelastic?
a) Kinetic energy
b) Potential energy
c) Momentum
d) Power
Answer: c) Momentum

The pitch of a sound is determined by its:
a) Amplitude
b) Wavelength
c) Frequency
d) Speed
Answer: c) Frequency

The opposition that a material offers to the flow of electric current is called:
a) Inductance
b) Capacitance
c) Resistance
d) Conductance
Answer: c) Resistance

A wave in which the particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the wave is called a:
a) Longitudinal wave
b) Electromagnetic wave
c) Transverse wave
d) Surface wave
Answer: c) Transverse wave

Which type of mirror has a surface that curves inward?
a) Plane mirror
b) Convex mirror
c) Concave mirror
d) Spherical mirror
Answer: c) Concave mirror

The energy an object has due to its motion is called:
a) Potential energy
b) Thermal energy
c) Chemical energy
d) Kinetic energy
Answer: d) Kinetic energy

The distance between two consecutive crests of a wave is called the:
a) Frequency
b) Amplitude
c) Wavelength
d) Period
Answer: c) Wavelength

Which of the following is NOT a scalar quantity?
a) Speed
b) Time
c) Force
d) Mass
Answer: c) Force

The kinetic energy of a body is directly proportional to its:
a) Mass and velocity
b) Mass and the square of its velocity
c) Velocity and acceleration
d) Velocity and the square of its mass
Answer: b) Mass and the square of its velocity

The magnetic flux through a coil of wire is related to the:
a) Number of turns in the coil
b) Area of the coil
c) Strength of the magnetic field
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

A wave that requires a medium to travel is called a:
a) Mechanical wave
b) Electromagnetic wave
c) Radio wave
d) Microwave
Answer: a) Mechanical wave

Which scientist is known for formulating the theory of general relativity?
a) Albert Einstein
b) Isaac Newton
c) James Clerk Maxwell
d) Niels Bohr
Answer: a) Albert Einstein

What is the primary cause of the greenhouse effect?
a) Ultraviolet radiation
b) Ozone depletion
c) Infrared radiation trapped by atmospheric gases
d) Solar radiation
Answer: c) Infrared radiation trapped by atmospheric gases

The force between two masses is called:
a) Electromagnetic force
b) Gravitational force
c) Weak nuclear force
d) Strong nuclear force
Answer: b) Gravitational force

The ability of a fluid to resist flowing is called:
a) Density
b) Viscosity
c) Buoyancy
d) Elasticity
Answer: b) Viscosity

Which of the following phenomena best illustrates wave-particle duality?
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Photoelectric effect
d) Polarization
Answer: c) Photoelectric effect

What is the SI unit of pressure?
a) Pascal
b) Newton
c) Joule
d) Watt
Answer: a) Pascal

The focal length of a concave mirror is:
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Infinity
Answer: b) Negative

Which of the following devices is used to increase or decrease the voltage in an AC circuit?
a) Capacitor
b) Transformer
c) Inductor
d) Resistor
Answer: b) Transformer

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another is called:
a) Reflection
b) Diffraction
c) Refraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: c) Refraction

Which of the following particles has no electric charge?
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Positron
Answer: b) Neutron

The change in frequency of a wave as observed by a moving observer is known as the:
a) Doppler effect
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: a) Doppler effect

The force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of such motion of two surfaces in contact is called:
a) Tension
b) Friction
c) Centripetal force
d) Gravitational force
Answer: b) Friction

The number of oscillations per second is referred to as the:
a) Wavelength
b) Amplitude
c) Frequency
d) Period
Answer: c) Frequency

The phenomenon where two waves combine to form a wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude is called:
a) Refraction
b) Interference
c) Diffraction
d) Reflection
Answer: b) Interference

The energy associated with the position of an object in a gravitational field is called:
a) Kinetic energy
b) Potential energy
c) Mechanical energy
d) Thermal energy
Answer: b) Potential energy

The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of the conservation of:
a) Energy
b) Momentum
c) Mass
d) Charge
Answer: a) Energy

Which of the following is a scalar quantity?
a) Force
b) Acceleration
c) Velocity
d) Speed
Answer: d) Speed

The total energy of a closed system is conserved, according to the:
a) First law of thermodynamics
b) Second law of thermodynamics
c) Zeroth law of thermodynamics
d) Third law of thermodynamics
Answer: a) First law of thermodynamics

Which of the following waves is used in microwave ovens?
a) Radio waves
b) Gamma rays
c) Microwaves
d) Infrared waves
Answer: c) Microwaves

The ratio of stress to strain in a material is known as:
a) Bulk modulus
b) Young's modulus
c) Shear modulus
d) Elastic limit
Answer: b) Young's modulus

The potential difference across a component is directly proportional to the current through it, provided the temperature remains constant. This is a statement of:
a) Ohm's law
b) Faraday's law
c) Newton's law
d) Hooke's law
Answer: a) Ohm's law

A transformer works on the principle of:
a) Electromagnetic induction
b) Electrostatic induction
c) Photoelectric effect
d) Thermionic emission
Answer: a) Electromagnetic induction

The process by which a solid turns directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase is called:
a) Condensation
b) Evaporation
c) Sublimation
d) Freezing
Answer: c) Sublimation

Which of the following quantities is NOT conserved in an inelastic collision?
a) Momentum
b) Kinetic energy
c) Mass
d) Charge
Answer: b) Kinetic energy

The force that provides the centripetal acceleration in a car going around a curve is:
a) Gravitational force
b) Frictional force
c) Tension
d) Normal force
Answer: b) Frictional force

Which of the following is a vector quantity?
a) Work
b) Speed
c) Distance
d) Displacement
Answer: d) Displacement

In a series circuit, the total resistance is:
a) The sum of individual resistances
b) The reciprocal of the sum of resistances
c) Equal to the smallest resistance
d) Equal to the largest resistance
Answer: a) The sum of individual resistances

What type of lens is thinner at the center than at the edges?
a) Convex lens
b) Concave lens
c) Cylindrical lens
d) Bifocal lens
Answer: b) Concave lens

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance depends on its:
a) Mass
b) Specific heat capacity
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c) Both a and b

Which of the following particles are involved in strong nuclear interactions?
a) Electrons
b) Protons
c) Photons
d) Neutrinos
Answer: b) Protons

The unit of inductance is the:
a) Tesla
b) Henry
c) Weber
d) Ohm
Answer: b) Henry

A plane mirror always forms an image that is:
a) Virtual, upright, and the same size as the object
b) Real, inverted, and smaller than the object
c) Virtual, inverted, and magnified
d) Real, upright, and magnified
Answer: a) Virtual, upright, and the same size as the object

The force that keeps an object moving in a circular path is called:
a) Tension
b) Centrifugal force
c) Centripetal force
d) Gravitational force
Answer: c) Centripetal force

What is the unit of electric field strength?
a) Volt per meter
b) Newton per coulomb
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c) Both a and b

What property of light causes it to change direction when passing through different mediums?
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Polarization
Answer: b) Refraction

An object in equilibrium has:
a) Zero net force acting on it
b) A constant velocity
c) No acceleration
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

Which law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction?
a) Newton's first law
b) Newton's second law
c) Newton's third law
d) Law of inertia
Answer: c) Newton's third law

The energy radiated by the Sun is primarily due to:
a) Nuclear fusion
b) Nuclear fission
c) Combustion
d) Chemical reactions
Answer: a) Nuclear fusion

Which of the following is NOT an example of a transverse wave?
a) Light waves
b) Radio waves
c) Sound waves
d) X-rays
Answer: c) Sound waves

The buoyant force on an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the:
a) Volume of the fluid displaced
b) Weight of the fluid displaced
c) Mass of the fluid displaced
d) Weight of the object
Answer: b) Weight of the fluid displaced

Which scientist developed the laws of planetary motion?
a) Galileo Galilei
b) Johannes Kepler
c) Isaac Newton
d) Albert Einstein
Answer: b) Johannes Kepler

The potential energy stored in a spring is given by the formula:
a) ½ kx
b) kx²
c) ½ kx²
d) ½ mv²
Answer: c) ½ kx²

What type of wave is created when an electric field and a magnetic field oscillate perpendicular to each other?
a) Sound wave
b) Mechanical wave
c) Electromagnetic wave
d) Seismic wave
Answer: c) Electromagnetic wave

Which of the following phenomena results from the superposition of two waves?
a) Diffraction
b) Reflection
c) Interference
d) Polarization
Answer: c) Interference

A pendulum exhibits simple harmonic motion when the angle of displacement is:
a) Large
b) Small
c) 90 degrees
d) Any angle
Answer: b) Small

The frequency of a wave is inversely proportional to its:
a) Speed
b) Wavelength
c) Amplitude
d) Intensity
Answer: b) Wavelength

The SI unit of frequency is the:
a) Hertz
b) Watt
c) Pascal
d) Ohm
Answer: a) Hertz

Which phenomenon can only be explained by the particle nature of light?
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Photoelectric effect
d) Diffraction
Answer: c) Photoelectric effect

What type of heat transfer occurs through direct contact between molecules?
a) Convection
b) Radiation
c) Conduction
d) Sublimation
Answer: c) Conduction

Which law describes the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature?
a) Charles's law
b) Boyle's law
c) Pascal's law
d) Bernoulli's principle
Answer: b) Boyle's law

Which of the following is NOT a renewable energy source?
a) Solar energy
b) Wind energy
c) Geothermal energy
d) Nuclear energy
Answer: d) Nuclear energy

The time it takes for one complete oscillation is called the:
a) Frequency
b) Period
c) Amplitude
d) Wavelength
Answer: b) Period

What is the name of the force that holds atomic nuclei together?
a) Gravitational force
b) Electromagnetic force
c) Strong nuclear force
d) Weak nuclear force
Answer: c) Strong nuclear force

The angular displacement per unit time is referred to as:
a) Angular velocity
b) Angular momentum
c) Linear velocity
d) Tangential velocity
Answer: a) Angular velocity

What is the angular displacement per unit time is referred to as:
a) Angular velocity
b) Angular momentum
c) Linear velocity
d) Tangential velocity
Answer: a) Angular velocity

The unit of power is:
a) Watt
b) Joule
c) Volt
d) Newton
Answer: a) Watt

Which of the following particles are responsible for the conduction of electricity in metals?
a) Neutrons
b) Electrons
c) Protons
d) Positrons
Answer: b) Electrons

Which law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure?
a) Boyle’s law
b) Charles’s law
c) Avogadro’s law
d) Dalton’s law
Answer: b) Charles’s law

The energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring is known as:
a) Gravitational potential energy
b) Kinetic energy
c) Elastic potential energy
d) Thermal energy
Answer: c) Elastic potential energy

Which of the following has the highest energy per photon?
a) Ultraviolet light
b) Infrared light
c) Radio waves
d) X-rays
Answer: d) X-rays

The escape velocity from Earth is approximately:
a) 7.9 km/s
b) 11.2 km/s
c) 25 km/s
d) 5.5 km/s
Answer: b) 11.2 km/s

Which of the following is the correct unit for measuring angular momentum?
a) kg·m²/s
b) kg·m/s
c) N·m
d) Joule
Answer: a) kg·m²/s

The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C is called:
a) Heat capacity
b) Specific heat capacity
c) Latent heat
d) Calorific value
Answer: b) Specific heat capacity

Which principle explains why airplanes are able to fly?
a) Archimedes’ principle
b) Pascal’s principle
c) Bernoulli’s principle
d) Boyle’s law
Answer: c) Bernoulli’s principle

The distance between two consecutive crests or troughs of a wave is called:
a) Frequency
b) Period
c) Wavelength
d) Amplitude
Answer: c) Wavelength

The ability of a material to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed is called:
a) Plasticity
b) Elasticity
c) Malleability
d) Ductility
Answer: b) Elasticity

What is the speed of sound in air at room temperature (approximately 20°C)?
a) 340 m/s
b) 300 m/s
c) 220 m/s
d) 400 m/s
Answer: a) 340 m/s

Which type of electromagnetic wave has the longest wavelength?
a) Gamma rays
b) X-rays
c) Microwaves
d) Radio waves
Answer: d) Radio waves

The resistance of a conductor depends on:
a) Length of the conductor
b) Cross-sectional area
c) Temperature
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

The SI unit of work is:
a) Joule
b) Newton
c) Watt
d) Tesla
Answer: a) Joule

A sound wave is an example of a:
a) Transverse wave
b) Longitudinal wave
c) Electromagnetic wave
d) Surface wave
Answer: b) Longitudinal wave

The measure of the randomness or disorder in a system is called:
a) Enthalpy
b) Entropy
c) Free energy
d) Work
Answer: b) Entropy

Which of the following is an example of a non-conservative force?
a) Gravitational force
b) Electrostatic force
c) Friction
d) Elastic force
Answer: c) Friction

In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at the same:
a) Frequency
b) Speed
c) Wavelength
d) Energy
Answer: b) Speed

The phase difference between two points on a wave that are one wavelength apart is:
a) 0 degrees
b) 90 degrees
c) 180 degrees
d) 360 degrees
Answer: d) 360 degrees

The term "diode" is commonly associated with:
a) Rectification of AC to DC
b) Amplification of signals
c) Generation of microwaves
d) Induction of voltage
Answer: a) Rectification of AC to DC

The phenomenon of light bending around obstacles is called:
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Polarization
Answer: c) Diffraction

In the equation E=mc2E=mc2, what does 'c' represent?
a) The speed of sound
b) The speed of light in a vacuum
c) The speed of an electron
d) The speed of gravity
Answer: b) The speed of light in a vacuum

The material through which light passes in an optical fiber is called:
a) Core
b) Cladding
c) Conductor
d) Insulator
Answer: a) Core

The primary coil of a transformer has 100 turns, and the secondary coil has 200 turns. If the input voltage is 100V, the output voltage will be:
a) 200V
b) 100V
c) 50V
d) 400V
Answer: a) 200V

Which element is commonly used in nuclear reactors as a fuel?
a) Carbon
b) Hydrogen
c) Uranium
d) Nitrogen
Answer: c) Uranium

The product of mass and velocity of an object is known as its:
a) Acceleration
b) Momentum
c) Force
d) Kinetic energy
Answer: b) Momentum

The angle of incidence at which a light ray is totally reflected back into the same medium is called:
a) Critical angle
b) Angle of refraction
c) Angle of reflection
d) Polarizing angle
Answer: a) Critical angle

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental force of nature?
a) Gravitational force
b) Electromagnetic force
c) Frictional force
d) Strong nuclear force
Answer: c) Frictional force

A capacitor stores energy in the form of:
a) Kinetic energy
b) Potential energy
c) Magnetic energy
d) Chemical energy
Answer: b) Potential energy

The process by which a liquid changes into a gas is called:
a) Condensation
b) Evaporation
c) Freezing
d) Melting
Answer: b) Evaporation

The bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object is called:
a) Dispersion
b) Diffraction
c) Refraction
d) Reflection
Answer: b) Diffraction

Which of the following is NOT a state function in thermodynamics?
a) Work
b) Temperature
c) Pressure
d) Internal energy
Answer: a) Work

What is the function of a heat engine?
a) To convert heat into work
b) To convert work into heat
c) To transfer heat
d) To store heat
Answer: a) To convert heat into work

The ability of a wave to spread out as it passes through a narrow opening is called:
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: c) Diffraction

The wavelength of light used in fiber optic communication is typically in the range of:
a) Ultraviolet
b) Visible light
c) Infrared
d) X-rays
Answer: c) Infrared

Which of the following does not affect the speed of sound in air?
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Humidity
d) Frequency
Answer: d) Frequency

What kind of lens converges parallel light rays to a focal point?
a) Convex lens
b) Concave lens
c) Cylindrical lens
d) Diverging lens
Answer: a) Convex lens

The force per unit charge experienced by a charged particle in an electric field is called:
a) Electric potential
b) Electric field strength
c) Electric flux
d) Capacitance
Answer: b) Electric field strength

The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a closed system is conserved if:
a) The net external force is zero
b) The net internal force is zero
c) There are no external forces acting on the system
d) There are no internal forces acting on the system
Answer: a) The net external force is zero

In a hydraulic system, pressure is transmitted:
a) Equally in all directions
b) More in one direction
c) Less in the upward direction
d) More in the downward direction
Answer: a) Equally in all directions

What is the unit of electric charge?
a) Volt
b) Coulomb
c) Ohm
d) Joule
Answer: b) Coulomb

The type of current that flows in one direction only is called:
a) Alternating current (AC)
b) Direct current (DC)
c) Induced current
d) Eddy current
Answer: b) Direct current (DC)

The process of splitting a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei with the release of energy is called:
a) Nuclear fusion
b) Nuclear fission
c) Radioactive decay
d) Chain reaction
Answer: b) Nuclear fission

The force acting on an object submerged in a fluid is called:
a) Gravitational force
b) Buoyant force
c) Frictional force
d) Magnetic force
Answer: b) Buoyant force

The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of a wave for an observer:
a) At rest
b) Moving relative to the source of the wave
c) Moving with the wave
d) In a vacuum
Answer: b) Moving relative to the source of the wave

A change in velocity over time is called:
a) Speed
b) Acceleration
c) Momentum
d) Displacement
Answer: b) Acceleration

Which of the following elements is used in the production of semiconductors?
a) Silicon
b) Copper
c) Iron
d) Aluminum
Answer: a) Silicon

In the electromagnetic spectrum, which waves have the shortest wavelength?
a) Gamma rays
b) X-rays
c) Ultraviolet rays
d) Radio waves
Answer: a) Gamma rays

The unit of force in the SI system is:
a) Joule
b) Watt
c) Newton
d) Pascal
Answer: c) Newton

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion is called:
a) Force
b) Momentum
c) Acceleration
d) Inertia
Answer: d) Inertia

The force of attraction between any two masses is called:
a) Electromagnetic force
b) Gravitational force
c) Nuclear force
d) Centripetal force
Answer: b) Gravitational force

The process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation is called:
a) Fission
b) Fusion
c) Radioactive decay
d) Electromagnetic induction
Answer: c) Radioactive decay

Which of the following materials is commonly used as an electrical insulator?
a) Copper
b) Silver
c) Rubber
d) Aluminum
Answer: c) Rubber

The rate at which work is done is known as:
a) Power
b) Energy
c) Momentum
d) Velocity
Answer: a) Power

Which type of wave requires a medium to propagate?
a) Electromagnetic waves
b) Sound waves
c) Light waves
d) Gamma rays
Answer: b) Sound waves

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in plants is called:
a) Respiration
b) Transpiration
c) Photosynthesis
d) Fermentation
Answer: c) Photosynthesis

An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure is called a:
a) Thermometer
b) Barometer
c) Hydrometer
d) Ammeter
Answer: b) Barometer

The property of a material that causes it to resist the flow of electric current is called:
a) Conductance
b) Resistance
c) Capacitance
d) Inductance
Answer: b) Resistance

Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas at constant volume?
a) Charles’s law
b) Boyle’s law
c) Gay-Lussac’s law
d) Pascal’s law
Answer: c) Gay-Lussac’s law

What is the name given to the minimum energy required to remove an electron from an atom?
a) Ionization energy
b) Activation energy
c) Binding energy
d) Kinetic energy
Answer: a) Ionization energy

A real image formed by a convex lens is always:
a) Upright and magnified
b) Inverted and reduced
c) Inverted and real
d) Virtual and upright
Answer: c) Inverted and real

The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance is called:
a) Heat
b) Temperature
c) Entropy
d) Work
Answer: b) Temperature

Which of the following is NOT an example of electromagnetic radiation?
a) Visible light
b) Sound waves
c) Radio waves
d) X-rays
Answer: b) Sound waves

The bending of a light ray as it passes from one medium to another is called:
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Polarization
Answer: b) Refraction

Which of the following is a vector quantity?
a) Temperature
b) Mass
c) Time
d) Force
Answer: d) Force

The power dissipated in a resistor is given by which equation?
a) P = IV
b) P = I²R
c) P = V²/R
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

The time it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay is called its:
a) Lifetime
b) Decay rate
c) Half-life
d) Emission time
Answer: c) Half-life

Which of the following is the SI unit of pressure?
a) Pascal
b) Torr
c) Bar
d) Atmosphere
Answer: a) Pascal

Which law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points?
a) Ohm’s law
b) Faraday’s law
c) Lenz’s law
d) Coulomb’s law
Answer: a) Ohm’s law

In a vacuum, the speed of light is approximately:
a) 3 × 10⁵ m/s
b) 3 × 10⁶ m/s
c) 3 × 10⁷ m/s
d) 3 × 10⁸ m/s
Answer: d) 3 × 10⁸ m/s

The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas is called the:
a) Melting point
b) Boiling point
c) Freezing point
d) Sublimation point
Answer: b) Boiling point

Which principle explains the buoyant force experienced by an object submerged in a fluid?
a) Pascal’s principle
b) Archimedes’ principle
c) Bernoulli’s principle
d) Newton’s third law
Answer: b) Archimedes’ principle

The number of protons in an atom is called its:
a) Atomic weight
b) Atomic number
c) Isotopic number
d) Neutron number
Answer: b) Atomic number

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metals?
a) Good electrical conductor
b) Malleable
c) Poor thermal conductor
d) Ductile
Answer: c) Poor thermal conductor

The flow of electric charge is known as:
a) Voltage
b) Current
c) Resistance
d) Capacitance
Answer: b) Current

The energy needed to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperature is called:
a) Latent heat
b) Specific heat capacity
c) Thermal capacity
d) Sensible heat
Answer: a) Latent heat

Which of the following devices is used to measure current in a circuit?
a) Voltmeter
b) Ammeter
c) Ohmmeter
d) Galvanometer
Answer: b) Ammeter

The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth is approximately:
a) 5.5 m/s²
b) 8.1 m/s²
c) 9.8 m/s²
d) 12.2 m/s²
Answer: c) 9.8 m/s²

The process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere is called:
a) Evaporation
b) Condensation
c) Transpiration
d) Precipitation
Answer: c) Transpiration

Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?
a) Carbon dioxide
b) Methane
c) Nitrous oxide
d) Oxygen
Answer: d) Oxygen

What type of lens causes light rays to diverge (spread out)?
a) Convex lens
b) Concave lens
c) Cylindrical lens
d) Spherical lens
Answer: b) Concave lens

The energy associated with the motion of an object is called:
a) Potential energy
b) Kinetic energy
c) Thermal energy
d) Chemical energy
Answer: b) Kinetic energy

Which of the following statements is true about sound waves?
a) They are transverse waves
b) They can travel through a vacuum
c) They require a medium to travel
d) Their speed is the same in all materials
Answer: c) They require a medium to travel

The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of the conservation of:
a) Mass
b) Energy
c) Momentum
d) Temperature
Answer: b) Energy

The momentum of an object is the product of its:
a) Mass and acceleration
b) Mass and velocity
c) Force and displacement
d) Force and time
Answer: b) Mass and velocity

The charge of an electron is approximately:
a) 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
b) 1.6 × 10¹⁹ C
c) 9.1 × 10⁻³¹ C
d) 9.1 × 10³¹ C
Answer: a) 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C

Which of the following quantities is a scalar?
a) Force
b) Velocity
c) Temperature
d) Displacement
Answer: c) Temperature

Which element is essential for the production of steel?
a) Carbon
b) Nitrogen
c) Helium
d) Oxygen
Answer: a) Carbon

The resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to its:
a) Length
b) Cross-sectional area
c) Temperature
d) Voltage
Answer: b) Cross-sectional area

What is the term for the phenomenon in which a wave changes direction as it passes through a narrow opening?
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: c) Diffraction

The second law of thermodynamics states that:
a) Energy can be created and destroyed
b) Energy is always conserved
c) Entropy in an isolated system always increases
d) Work can be converted into heat with 100% efficiency
Answer: c) Entropy in an isolated system always increases

Which of the following has the highest refractive index?
a) Air
b) Water
c) Diamond
d) Glass
Answer: c) Diamond

A material that does not allow the flow of electrical current is called a(n):
a) Conductor
b) Insulator
c) Semiconductor
d) Superconductor
Answer: b) Insulator

The force required to keep an object moving in a circle is called:
a) Gravitational force
b) Frictional force
c) Centripetal force
d) Centrifugal force
Answer: c) Centripetal force

Which device converts electrical energy into mechanical energy?
a) Motor
b) Generator
c) Transformer
d) Capacitor
Answer: a) Motor

A concave mirror forms a real and inverted image when the object is placed:
a) At the focal point
b) Between the mirror and the focal point
c) Beyond the center of curvature
d) At the center of curvature
Answer: c) Beyond the center of curvature

What is the unit of frequency?
a) Joule
b) Watt
c) Hertz
d) Coulomb
Answer: c) Hertz

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium is called the:
a) Optical density
b) Refractive index
c) Critical angle
d) Brewster’s angle
Answer: b) Refractive index

The electromagnetic waves with the lowest frequency are:
a) Gamma rays
b) Ultraviolet rays
c) Radio waves
d) X-rays
Answer: c) Radio waves

The potential difference across two points in a circuit is measured in:
a) Amperes
b) Volts
c) Ohms
d) Watts
Answer: b) Volts

A transformer that increases voltage is called a:
a) Step-down transformer
b) Step-up transformer
c) Power transformer
d) Current transformer
Answer: b) Step-up transformer

Which type of wave is used in radar systems?
a) Infrared waves
b) Microwaves
c) X-rays
d) Gamma rays
Answer: b) Microwaves

The sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy of an object is known as its:
a) Total energy
b) Internal energy
c) Mechanical energy
d) Thermal energy
Answer: c) Mechanical energy

Which scientist is known for the laws of planetary motion?
a) Isaac Newton
b) Johannes Kepler
c) Galileo Galilei
d) Albert Einstein
Answer: b) Johannes Kepler

The part of a magnet where the magnetic force is the strongest is called the:
a) Magnetic field
b) Magnetic pole
c) Magnetic flux
d) Magnetic dipole
Answer: b) Magnetic pole

The frequency of a wave is inversely proportional to its:
a) Wavelength
b) Amplitude
c) Speed
d) Period
Answer: a) Wavelength

A device that measures small electric currents is called a:
a) Voltmeter
b) Ammeter
c) Galvanometer
d) Thermometer
Answer: c) Galvanometer

The number of cycles per second of a wave is called its:
a) Wavelength
b) Amplitude
c) Frequency
d) Period
Answer: c) Frequency

Which of the following is a fundamental particle of an atom?
a) Proton
b) Photon
c) Neutrino
d) Positron
Answer: a) Proton

A body at rest has which type of energy?
a) Kinetic energy
b) Mechanical energy
c) Potential energy
d) Thermal energy
Answer: c) Potential energy

Which of the following is NOT a unit of energy?
a) Joule
b) Calorie
c) Watt
d) Kilowatt-hour
Answer: c) Watt

Which law describes the magnetic field generated by a current-carrying conductor?
a) Ohm’s law
b) Lenz’s law
c) Ampère’s law
d) Coulomb’s law
Answer: c) Ampère’s law

The motion of an object in a circular path at constant speed is called:
a) Simple harmonic motion
b) Uniform circular motion
c) Rotational motion
d) Translational motion
Answer: b) Uniform circular motion

Which of the following elements is a noble gas?
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Helium
d) Carbon
Answer: c) Helium

A spring is stretched by applying a force. The energy stored in the spring is called:
a) Elastic potential energy
b) Gravitational potential energy
c) Kinetic energy
d) Thermal energy
Answer: a) Elastic potential energy

Which of the following waves is NOT part of the electromagnetic spectrum?
a) Radio waves
b) Sound waves
c) X-rays
d) Ultraviolet light
Answer: b) Sound waves

The force of gravity between two objects depends on:
a) Their masses and the distance between them
b) Their velocities and distance
c) Their masses and velocities
d) Their velocities and temperatures
Answer: a) Their masses and the distance between them

The distance traveled by a wave in one period is called its:
a) Frequency
b) Wavelength
c) Amplitude
d) Speed
Answer: b) Wavelength

The power of a lens is measured in:
a) Diopters
b) Joules
c) Pascals
d) Newtons
Answer: a) Diopters

The time taken for one complete oscillation of a pendulum is called its:
a) Frequency
b) Period
c) Amplitude
d) Velocity
Answer: b) Period

Which of the following is an example of a vector quantity?
a) Speed
b) Mass
c) Acceleration
d) Distance
Answer: c) Acceleration

Which law relates the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature?
a) Boyle's law
b) Charles's law
c) Gay-Lussac's law
d) Avogadro's law
Answer: a) Boyle's law

A rainbow is an example of which phenomenon?
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Interference
Answer: b) Refraction

Which of the following quantities is conserved in an elastic collision?
a) Kinetic energy only
b) Momentum only
c) Both kinetic energy and momentum
d) Neither kinetic energy nor momentum
Answer: c) Both kinetic energy and momentum

The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to:
a) Change its temperature by 1°C
b) Change its temperature by 1°F
c) Change its temperature by 1 Kelvin
d) Convert it from solid to liquid
Answer: a) Change its temperature by 1°C

In which state of matter do molecules have the greatest kinetic energy?
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
d) Plasma
Answer: d) Plasma

The ratio of the useful work output to the total energy input is called:
a) Power
b) Efficiency
c) Work function
d) Energy density
Answer: b) Efficiency

Which of the following has the shortest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum?
a) Infrared waves
b) Microwaves
c) Ultraviolet waves
d) X-rays
Answer: d) X-rays

The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake is called the:
a) Fault line
b) Epicenter
c) Crater
d) Seismic zone
Answer: b) Epicenter

Which of the following quantities is a vector?
a) Speed
b) Work
c) Distance
d) Displacement
Answer: d) Displacement

The phenomenon where the path of a moving object bends due to the Earth's rotation is called the:
a) Doppler effect
b) Coriolis effect
c) Bernoulli’s principle
d) Venturi effect
Answer: b) Coriolis effect

In an atom, electrons are located in:
a) The nucleus
b) Orbits around the nucleus
c) Neutrons
d) Protons
Answer: b) Orbits around the nucleus

Which of the following is an example of a longitudinal wave?
a) Light wave
b) Sound wave
c) Radio wave
d) Water wave
Answer: b) Sound wave

Which scientist developed the theory of general relativity?
a) Isaac Newton
b) Nikola Tesla
c) Albert Einstein
d) James Clerk Maxwell
Answer: c) Albert Einstein

What is the SI unit of electric potential difference?
a) Ampere
b) Ohm
c) Joule
d) Volt
Answer: d) Volt

Which of the following is an example of renewable energy?
a) Coal
b) Natural gas
c) Wind energy
d) Oil
Answer: c) Wind energy

What is the main component of natural gas?
a) Ethane
b) Butane
c) Methane
d) Propane
Answer: c) Methane

In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at the same:
a) Frequency
b) Amplitude
c) Speed
d) Wavelength
Answer: c) Speed

Which of the following is NOT a unit of time?
a) Second
b) Hour
c) Light year
d) Millisecond
Answer: c) Light year

Which of the following materials is a good conductor of electricity?
a) Wood
b) Rubber
c) Glass
d) Copper
Answer: d) Copper

The acceleration of an object due to gravity on Earth is:
a) 5.5 m/s²
b) 8.1 m/s²
c) 9.8 m/s²
d) 12.4 m/s²
Answer: c) 9.8 m/s²

Which law of motion states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction?
a) Newton's first law
b) Newton's second law
c) Newton's third law
d) Law of conservation of energy
Answer: c) Newton's third law

Which of the following particles is found in the nucleus of an atom?
a) Electron
b) Photon
c) Neutron
d) Positron
Answer: c) Neutron

Which of the following is the largest planet in the solar system?
a) Mars
b) Earth
c) Jupiter
d) Saturn
Answer: c) Jupiter

The energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring is called:
a) Kinetic energy
b) Potential energy
c) Thermal energy
d) Elastic potential energy
Answer: d) Elastic potential energy

The process of water changing from a liquid to a gas is called:
a) Condensation
b) Evaporation
c) Precipitation
d) Sublimation
Answer: b) Evaporation

In nuclear reactions, the term "fission" refers to the:
a) Splitting of a large nucleus into smaller nuclei
b) Combination of small nuclei to form a larger nucleus
c) Emission of particles from an unstable nucleus
d) Transformation of a neutron into a proton
Answer: a) Splitting of a large nucleus into smaller nuclei

The SI unit of work is the:
a) Joule
b) Watt
c) Newton
d) Pascal
Answer: a) Joule

Which of the following is a form of electromagnetic radiation?
a) Sound waves
b) Water waves
c) X-rays
d) Shock waves
Answer: c) X-rays

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another is called:
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Polarization
Answer: b) Refraction

Which gas is most commonly responsible for the greenhouse effect?
a) Nitrogen
b) Oxygen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Helium
Answer: c) Carbon dioxide

The speed of an object in a specific direction is called:
a) Speed
b) Velocity
c) Acceleration
d) Displacement
Answer: b) Velocity

Which of the following is a scalar quantity?
a) Force
b) Momentum
c) Mass
d) Displacement
Answer: c) Mass

Which of the following is NOT an example of potential energy?
a) A stretched rubber band
b) A compressed spring
c) Water stored in a dam
d) A moving car
Answer: d) A moving car

What is the main constituent of the sun?
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Hydrogen
d) Helium
Answer: c) Hydrogen

Which of the following is NOT a property of sound?
a) Frequency
b) Wavelength
c) Intensity
d) Mass
Answer: d) Mass

The first artificial satellite sent into space was:
a) Apollo 11
b) Sputnik 1
c) Voyager 1
d) Hubble
Answer: b) Sputnik 1

The process of splitting light into its constituent colors is called:
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Dispersion
d) Interference
Answer: c) Dispersion

Which of the following forces keeps planets in orbit around the Sun?
a) Gravitational force
b) Magnetic force
c) Electromagnetic force
d) Centrifugal force
Answer: a) Gravitational force

The unit of electric power is the:
a) Volt
b) Ampere
c) Joule
d) Watt
Answer: d) Watt

Which of the following elements is the best conductor of electricity?
a) Copper
b) Silver
c) Aluminum
d) Iron
Answer: b) Silver

The kinetic energy of an object depends on its:
a) Mass and velocity
b) Mass and acceleration
c) Velocity and distance
d) Acceleration and time
Answer: a) Mass and velocity

Which phenomenon occurs when light passes through a narrow slit and spreads out?
a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: c) Diffraction

The acceleration of an object moving under the influence of gravity only is called:
a) Uniform acceleration
b) Gravitational acceleration
c) Free fall acceleration
d) Centripetal acceleration
Answer: c) Free fall acceleration

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
a) Ionic bond
b) Covalent bond
c) Hydrogen bond
d) Van der Waals bond
Answer: b) Covalent bond

What is the charge of a proton?
a) Neutral
b) Positive
c) Negative
d) Depends on the atom
Answer: b) Positive

What type of mirror has a reflecting surface that curves inward?
a) Convex mirror
b) Concave mirror
c) Plane mirror
d) Cylindrical mirror
Answer: b) Concave mirror

Which unit is used to measure electric current?
a) Volt
b) Ohm
c) Watt
d) Ampere
Answer: d) Ampere

What is the main gas in the Earth's atmosphere?
a) Oxygen
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Nitrogen
d) Argon
Answer: c) Nitrogen

The potential energy stored in an object due to its position in a gravitational field is called:
a) Elastic potential energy
b) Chemical potential energy
c) Gravitational potential energy
d) Kinetic energy
Answer: c) Gravitational potential energy

The Doppler effect refers to the change in the frequency of a wave due to:
a) The motion of the source or observer
b) The temperature of the medium
c) The amplitude of the wave
d) The wavelength of the wave
Answer: a) The motion of the source or observer

Which gas is essential for the process of photosynthesis?
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Hydrogen
Answer: c) Carbon dioxide

Which of the following substances is the best insulator of heat?
a) Copper
b) Silver
c) Air
d) Aluminum
Answer: c) Air

The frequency of a wave is measured in:
a) Joules
b) Watts
c) Hertz
d) Pascals
Answer: c) Hertz

Which of the following quantities is measured in newtons?
a) Force
b) Energy
c) Power
d) Pressure
Answer: a) Force

The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of:
a) Conservation of mass
b) Conservation of momentum
c) Conservation of energy
d) Conservation of entropy
Answer: c) Conservation of energy

What is the device used to measure atmospheric pressure?
a) Hydrometer
b) Barometer
c) Thermometer
d) Anemometer
Answer: b) Barometer

Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the highest energy?
a) Ultraviolet rays
b) Gamma rays
c) X-rays
d) Microwaves
Answer: b) Gamma rays

In a balanced chemical reaction, the mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products due to the law of:
a) Conservation of mass
b) Conservation of momentum
c) Conservation of energy
d) Conservation of charge
Answer: a) Conservation of mass

Which of the following has the largest wavelength?
a) X-rays
b) Radio waves
c) Visible light
d) Infrared waves
Answer: b) Radio waves

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. This is:
a) Newton’s first law
b) Newton’s second law
c) Newton’s third law
d) Hooke’s law
Answer: b) Newton’s second law

Which element is found in all organic compounds?
a) Hydrogen
b) Oxygen
c) Nitrogen
d) Carbon
Answer: d) Carbon

The kinetic energy of an object is given by the equation:
a) KE=12mvKE=21​mv
b) KE=mv2KE=mv2
c) KE=12mv2KE=21​mv2
d) KE=mghKE=mgh
Answer: c) KE=12mv2KE=21​mv2

Which of the following phenomena is responsible for the blue color of the sky?
a) Refraction
b) Dispersion
c) Scattering
d) Reflection
Answer: c) Scattering

What is the pH of a neutral solution?
a) 1
b) 7
c) 10
d) 14
Answer: b) 7

The SI unit of pressure is the:
a) Pascal
b) Newton
c) Joule
d) Watt
Answer: a) Pascal

Which type of reaction absorbs heat energy from the surroundings?
a) Exothermic
b) Endothermic
c) Neutralization
d) Redox
Answer: b) Endothermic

Which particle has no charge?
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Photon
Answer: b) Neutron

The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately:
a) 3×1083×108 m/s
b) 3×1063×106 m/s
c) 3×1093×109 m/s
d) 3×1073×107 m/s
Answer: a) 3×1083×108 m/s

Which of the following is a property of non-metals?
a) Good conductors of heat and electricity
b) Malleable
c) Brittle
d) Ductile
Answer: c) Brittle

Which type of wave is used in microwave ovens?
a) Ultraviolet waves
b) X-rays
c) Microwaves
d) Radio waves
Answer: c) Microwaves

The chemical formula for table salt is:
a) NaOH
b) KCl
c) NaCl
d) HCl
Answer: c) NaCl

Which of the following planets has the longest day?
a) Mercury
b) Venus
c) Earth
d) Mars
Answer: b) Venus

The force that opposes the motion of two surfaces sliding past each other is called:
a) Tension
b) Friction
c) Gravity
d) Normal force
Answer: b) Friction

In a transformer, the voltage is increased in the:
a) Primary coil
b) Secondary coil
c) Core
d) Magnetic field
Answer: b) Secondary coil

Which process is responsible for the formation of clouds?
a) Evaporation
b) Condensation
c) Sublimation
d) Precipitation
Answer: b) Condensation

A vector quantity has both:
a) Mass and velocity
b) Direction and speed
c) Magnitude and direction
d) Force and acceleration
Answer: c) Magnitude and direction

Which planet is known as the "Red Planet"?
a) Jupiter
b) Saturn
c) Mars
d) Venus
Answer: c) Mars

The phase change from gas to liquid is called:
a) Condensation
b) Sublimation
c) Evaporation
d) Melting
Answer: a) Condensation

Which of the following is a unit of power?
a) Pascal
b) Watt
c) Coulomb
d) Ampere
Answer: b) Watt

What is the chemical formula of water?
a) H2O
b) CO2
c) H2SO4
d) NaCl
Answer: a) H2O

The term for an object’s resistance to change in its state of motion is called:
a) Momentum
b) Friction
c) Inertia
d) Gravity
Answer: c) Inertia

Which layer of Earth's atmosphere contains the ozone layer?
a) Troposphere
b) Stratosphere
c) Mesosphere
d) Thermosphere
Answer: b) Stratosphere

What is the term for a material’s ability to conduct heat?
a) Thermal resistance
b) Thermal conductivity
c) Heat capacity
d) Specific heat
Answer: b) Thermal conductivity

The escape velocity from Earth is approximately:
a) 11 km/s
b) 25 km/s
c) 7 km/s
d) 15 km/s
Answer: a) 11 km/s

Which particle in an atom is responsible for its chemical properties?
a) Neutron
b) Proton
c) Electron
d) Photon
Answer: c) Electron

Which law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed?
a) Law of conservation of energy
b) Law of conservation of mass
c) Newton's first law
d) Hooke's law
Answer: a) Law of conservation of energy

Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?
a) Water vapor
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Methane
d) Nitrogen
Answer: d) Nitrogen

What type of lens converges light rays to a focal point?
a) Concave lens
b) Convex lens
c) Diverging lens
d) Cylindrical lens
Answer: b) Convex lens

Which of the following elements is most abundant in the Earth's crust?
a) Oxygen
b) Silicon
c) Aluminum
d) Iron
Answer: a) Oxygen

The atomic number of an element represents the number of:
a) Neutrons
b) Protons
c) Electrons
d) Neutrons and protons combined
Answer: b) Protons

What is the pH of a solution that is considered acidic?
a) Greater than 7
b) Less than 7
c) Equal to 7
d) Exactly 0
Answer: b) Less than 7

In which layer of the atmosphere do most weather events occur?
a) Troposphere
b) Stratosphere
c) Mesosphere
d) Thermosphere
Answer: a) Troposphere

Which property of a wave determines its pitch in sound waves?
a) Wavelength
b) Frequency
c) Amplitude
d) Speed
Answer: b) Frequency

Which of the following is an example of a physical change?
a) Burning wood
b) Rusting iron
c) Melting ice
d) Baking a cake
Answer: c) Melting ice

Which of the following best describes a superconductor?
a) A material that resists electricity
b) A material that conducts electricity with zero resistance
c) A material that only conducts at high temperatures
d) A material that conducts heat but not electricity
Answer: b) A material that conducts electricity with zero resistance

The energy released during nuclear fission comes from:
a) The conversion of mass into energy
b) The breaking of chemical bonds
c) The movement of electrons
d) The interaction of magnetic fields
Answer: a) The conversion of mass into energy

Which of the following units is used to measure work?
a) Newton
b) Joule
c) Pascal
d) Watt
Answer: b) Joule

Which of the following colors of light has the highest frequency?
a) Red
b) Blue
c) Green
d) Yellow
Answer: b) Blue

What is the most common isotope of hydrogen?
a) Protium
b) Deuterium
c) Tritium
d) Hydrogen-4
Answer: a) Protium

Which type of current flows in only one direction?
a) Alternating current (AC)
b) Direct current (DC)
c) Static electricity
d) Magnetic flux
Answer: b) Direct current (DC)

The first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia, was formulated by:
a) Galileo Galilei
b) Albert Einstein
c) Isaac Newton
d) James Clerk Maxwell
Answer: c) Isaac Newton

Which of the following is an alkali metal?
a) Magnesium
b) Calcium
c) Sodium
d) Aluminum
Answer: c) Sodium

The process of a liquid turning into a gas at its surface without reaching its boiling point is called:
a) Sublimation
b) Evaporation
c) Condensation
d) Deposition
Answer: b) Evaporation

The chemical formula for sulfuric acid is:
a) HCl
b) H2SO4
c) HNO3
d) H2CO3
Answer: b) H2SO4

Which type of heat transfer occurs when heat is transferred through direct contact between materials?
a) Convection
b) Radiation
c) Conduction
d) Evaporation
Answer: c) Conduction

Which of the following gases is used in the process of welding?
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Argon
d) Helium
Answer: c) Argon

Which planet in the solar system is known for having the largest ring system?
a) Jupiter
b) Uranus
c) Neptune
d) Saturn
Answer: d) Saturn

Which process is used to separate a solid from a liquid in a mixture?
a) Distillation
b) Filtration
c) Chromatography
d) Evaporation
Answer: b) Filtration

Which law states that pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional at constant temperature?
a) Charles's law
b) Boyle's law
c) Gay-Lussac's law
d) Avogadro's law
Answer: b) Boyle's law

The atomic mass of an element is determined by the number of:
a) Protons only
b) Neutrons only
c) Protons and neutrons
d) Electrons
Answer: c) Protons and neutrons

Which of the following particles has the least mass?
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Alpha particle
Answer: c) Electron

What is the acceleration of an object in free fall near the Earth's surface, assuming air resistance is negligible?
a) 9.8 m/s²
b) 8.0 m/s²
c) 10.5 m/s²
d) 12.0 m/s²
Answer: a) 9.8 m/s²

Which of the following is NOT an example of an exothermic process?
a) Combustion
b) Freezing
c) Condensation
d) Melting
Answer: d) Melting

The splitting of white light into its component colors is called:
a) Refraction
b) Diffraction
c) Dispersion
d) Polarization
Answer: c) Dispersion

In an electrical circuit, the opposition to the flow of current is called:
a) Voltage
b) Resistance
c) Capacitance
d) Inductance
Answer: b) Resistance

Which scientist proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, where the Sun is at the center?
a) Galileo Galilei
b) Isaac Newton
c) Johannes Kepler
d) Nicolaus Copernicus
Answer: d) Nicolaus Copernicus

Which type of chemical reaction involves the transfer of electrons between two species?
a) Acid-base reaction
b) Redox reaction
c) Decomposition reaction
d) Synthesis reaction
Answer: b) Redox reaction

Which of the following is a property of gases?
a) Definite shape
b) Fixed volume
c) Compressibility
d) High density
Answer: c) Compressibility

The unit used to measure electrical resistance is the:
a) Joule
b) Coulomb
c) Ampere
d) Ohm
Answer: d) Ohm

Which of the following elements is a noble gas?
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Helium
d) Chlorine
Answer: c) Helium

What is the term for the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom?
a) Atomic mass
b) Atomic number
c) Isotope number
d) Valence number
Answer: b) Atomic number

Which device is used to measure electric current in a circuit?
a) Voltmeter
b) Ammeter
c) Ohmmeter
d) Galvanometer
Answer: b) Ammeter

Which force is responsible for keeping the planets in orbit around the Sun?
a) Magnetic force
b) Electromagnetic force
c) Gravitational force
d) Centripetal force
Answer: c) Gravitational force

The unit of charge is the:
a) Ohm
b) Joule
c) Coulomb
d) Volt
Answer: c) Coulomb

Which of the following is an example of a transverse wave?
a) Sound wave
b) Light wave
c) Seismic P-wave
d) Longitudinal wave
Answer: b) Light wave

Which type of bond is formed between two nonmetal atoms?
a) Ionic bond
b) Metallic bond
c) Covalent bond
d) Hydrogen bond
Answer: c) Covalent bond

Which of the following devices converts chemical energy into electrical energy?
a) Generator
b) Motor
c) Battery
d) Transformer
Answer: c) Battery

What is the specific heat capacity of a substance?
a) The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C
b) The amount of heat required to melt the substance
c) The amount of heat lost during condensation
d) The total heat energy stored in the substance
Answer: a) The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C

Which of the following is a vector quantity?
a) Speed
b) Distance
c) Temperature
d) Displacement
Answer: d) Displacement

Which type of radiation is emitted by a nucleus during alpha decay?
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Alpha particle
d) Electron
Answer: c) Alpha particle

What is the chemical symbol for gold?
a) Au
b) Ag
c) Fe
d) Hg
Answer: a) Au

Which of the following materials is ferromagnetic?
a) Aluminum
b) Copper
c) Iron
d) Carbon
Answer: c) Iron

Which subatomic particle is found in the nucleus of an atom and has no electric charge?
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Photon
Answer: b) Neutron

What is the term used for the energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring?
a) Kinetic energy
b) Elastic potential energy
c) Gravitational potential energy
d) Chemical potential energy
Answer: b) Elastic potential energy

Which of the following is NOT a renewable energy source?
a) Solar energy
b) Wind energy
c) Fossil fuels
d) Hydroelectric energy
Answer: c) Fossil fuels

The transfer of thermal energy between particles of matter that are in direct contact is called:
a) Convection
b) Conduction
c) Radiation
d) Evaporation
Answer: b) Conduction

Which of the following is an example of a homogeneous mixture?
a) Sand and water
b) Oil and water
c) Salt dissolved in water
d) Iron filings and sulfur
Answer: c) Salt dissolved in water

The principle that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system is known as the law of:
a) Conservation of momentum
b) Conservation of mass
c) Conservation of energy
d) Conservation of charge
Answer: c) Conservation of energy

What is the primary component of natural gas?
a) Butane
b) Propane
c) Methane
d) Ethane
Answer: c) Methane

Which of the following is NOT an inert gas?
a) Helium
b) Neon
c) Argon
d) Oxygen
Answer: d) Oxygen

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another is known as:
a) Reflection
b) Diffraction
c) Refraction
d) Dispersion
Answer: c) Refraction

What is the unit of frequency?
a) Joule
b) Pascal
c) Hertz
d) Newton
Answer: c) Hertz

Which element is commonly used in making semiconductors?
a) Silicon
b) Iron
c) Copper
d) Zinc
Answer: a) Silicon

The resistance of a material to deformation under stress is known as:
a) Viscosity
b) Elasticity
c) Stiffness
d) Toughness
Answer: b) Elasticity

Which of the following is true for sound waves?
a) They can travel through a vacuum
b) They travel faster in air than in water
c) They require a medium to propagate
d) They are transverse waves
Answer: c) They require a medium to propagate

Which of the following elements is liquid at room temperature?
a) Mercury
b) Lead
c) Iron
d) Sodium
Answer: a) Mercury

What is the boiling point of water at sea level?
a) 90°C
b) 100°C
c) 80°C
d) 120°C
Answer: b) 100°C

The positively charged ion in an ionic bond is called a:
a) Anion
b) Cation
c) Neutron
d) Electron
Answer: b) Cation

Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used in medical imaging to view bones?
a) X-rays
b) Gamma rays
c) Infrared
d) Ultraviolet
Answer: a) X-rays

Which type of mirror causes light rays to converge at a focal point?
a) Convex mirror
b) Concave mirror
c) Plane mirror
d) Parabolic mirror
Answer: b) Concave mirror

Which gas is the main component of Earth's atmosphere?
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Hydrogen
Answer: b) Nitrogen

What is the atomic number of carbon?
a) 2
b) 6
c) 8
d) 12
Answer: b) 6

The amount of matter in an object is called its:
a) Mass
b) Weight
c) Volume
d) Density
Answer: a) Mass

In a closed system, the total momentum before and after a collision is conserved according to:
a) Newton's third law
b) The law of conservation of momentum
c) The law of universal gravitation
d) Hooke’s law
Answer: b) The law of conservation of momentum

The process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy is called:
a) Respiration
b) Fermentation
c) Photosynthesis
d) Digestion
Answer: c) Photosynthesis

Which of the following materials has the highest thermal conductivity?
a) Wood
b) Glass
c) Copper
d) Rubber
Answer: c) Copper

The movement of charged particles through a conductor is called:
a) Voltage
b) Current
c) Resistance
d) Capacitance
Answer: b) Current

Which element is the most reactive in Group 1 of the periodic table?
a) Lithium
b) Sodium
c) Potassium
d) Francium
Answer: d) Francium

What is the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere?
a) Oxygen
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Nitrogen
d) Argon
Answer: c) Nitrogen

Which law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure?
a) Boyle’s law
b) Charles’s law
c) Avogadro’s law
d) Dalton’s law
Answer: b) Charles’s law

What is the primary cause of ocean tides?
a) Wind currents
b) Gravitational pull of the moon
c) Earth’s rotation
d) Solar radiation
Answer: b) Gravitational pull of the moon

Which chemical element is a major component of bones and teeth?
a) Potassium
b) Calcium
c) Iron
d) Magnesium
Answer: b) Calcium

Which physical quantity is measured in coulombs?
a) Force
b) Electric charge
c) Electric potential
d) Resistance
Answer: b) Electric charge

What is the name of the force that opposes the relative motion of two objects in contact?
a) Tension
b) Friction
c) Compression
d) Gravity
Answer: b) Friction

Which layer of the Earth is composed primarily of solid iron and nickel?
a) Crust
b) Mantle
c) Outer core
d) Inner core
Answer: d) Inner core

Which of the following particles carries a negative charge?
a) Proton
b) Neutron
c) Electron
d) Alpha particle
Answer: c) Electron

The SI unit of force is the:
a) Pascal
b) Newton
c) Joule
d) Watt
Answer: b) Newton

What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
a) 3 × 10⁶ m/s
b) 3 × 10⁷ m/s
c) 3 × 10⁸ m/s
d) 3 × 10⁹ m/s
Answer: c) 3 × 10⁸ m/s

Which of the following processes is an example of an endothermic reaction?
a) Combustion
b) Freezing
c) Melting
d) Condensation
Answer: c) Melting

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental force of nature?
a) Gravitational force
b) Electromagnetic force
c) Frictional force
d) Strong nuclear force
Answer: c) Frictional force

The pH of pure water at 25°C is:
a) 5
b) 7
c) 9
d) 12
Answer: b) 7

Which planet in the solar system is closest to the Sun?
a) Venus
b) Earth
c) Mars
d) Mercury
Answer: d) Mercury

Which of the following is NOT a property of metals?
a) Good electrical conductivity
b) Malleability
c) High density
d) Brittle nature
Answer: d) Brittle nature

The change in velocity per unit time is called:
a) Displacement
b) Acceleration
c) Momentum
d) Force
Answer: b) Acceleration

Which of the following particles is found in the nucleus of an atom?
a) Electron
b) Proton
c) Photon
d) Positron
Answer: b) Proton

What is the name of the phase transition from a gas to a liquid?
a) Sublimation
b) Condensation
c) Evaporation
d) Freezing
Answer: b) Condensation

Which of the following is the most electronegative element?
a) Hydrogen
b) Fluorine
c) Chlorine
d) Oxygen
Answer: b) Fluorine

Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?
a) Solar energy
b) Wind energy
c) Geothermal energy
d) Coal
Answer: d) Coal

The most common isotope of uranium used in nuclear reactors is:
a) Uranium-235
b) Uranium-238
c) Uranium-234
d) Uranium-239
Answer: a) Uranium-235

What type of wave is a sound wave?
a) Transverse wave
b) Longitudinal wave
c) Surface wave
d) Electromagnetic wave
Answer: b) Longitudinal wave

Which gas is primarily responsible for the greenhouse effect?
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Hydrogen
Answer: c) Carbon dioxide

The resistance of a conductor is measured in:
a) Watts
b) Joules
c) Ohms
d) Volts
Answer: c) Ohms

What is the main function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
a) Increase the temperature of the reaction
b) Decrease the activation energy
c) Supply energy to the reactants
d) Change the chemical composition of the reactants
Answer: b) Decrease the activation energy

Which of the following materials is a good insulator of electricity?
a) Copper
b) Silver
c) Rubber
d) Gold
Answer: c) Rubber

Which of the following is the largest planet in the solar system?
a) Saturn
b) Jupiter
c) Neptune
d) Uranus
Answer: b) Jupiter

The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure is called a:
a) Thermometer
b) Barometer
c) Anemometer
d) Hygrometer
Answer: b) Barometer

Which part of the human cell contains the genetic material?
a) Nucleus
b) Cytoplasm
c) Ribosome
d) Cell membrane
Answer: a) Nucleus

What is the chemical formula for ozone?
a) O2
b) O3
c) CO2
d) H2O
Answer: b) O3

The time it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay is called its:
a) Decay rate
b) Half-life
c) Half-mass
d) Life expectancy
Answer: b) Half-life

The human body primarily obtains energy from which macronutrient?
a) Carbohydrates
b) Proteins
c) Fats
d) Vitamins
Answer: a) Carbohydrates

Which gas is used in the process of photosynthesis?
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Helium
Answer: c) Carbon dioxide

Which is the correct order of the layers of the Earth, from the outermost to the innermost?
a) Crust, mantle, inner core, outer core
b) Crust, outer core, mantle, inner core
c) Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
d) Mantle, crust, outer core, inner core
Answer: c) Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

What is the atomic number of hydrogen?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 4
Answer: b) 1

Which of the following is the primary cause of wind?
a) Earth's rotation
b) Ocean currents
c) Differences in atmospheric pressure
d) Solar flares
Answer: c) Differences in atmospheric pressure

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental state of matter?
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
d) Plasma
Answer: d) Plasma

What is the term for the speed at which an object moves in a specific direction?
a) Speed
b) Velocity
c) Acceleration
d) Force
Answer: b) Velocity

Which type of electromagnetic wave has the longest wavelength?
a) X-rays
b) Radio waves
c) Gamma rays
d) Ultraviolet rays
Answer: b) Radio waves

The movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane is called:
a) Diffusion
b) Osmosis
c) Filtration
d) Active transport
Answer: b) Osmosis

What is the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing energy?
a) Ribosome
b) Nucleus
c) Mitochondrion
d) Golgi apparatus
Answer: c) Mitochondrion

Which of the following is a chemical property of matter?
a) Density
b) Melting point
c) Flammability
d) Volume
Answer: c) Flammability

Which of the following planets has the shortest day (fastest rotation)?
a) Earth
b) Jupiter
c) Mars
d) Saturn
Answer: b) Jupiter

The ability of a substance to be drawn into thin wires is called:
a) Malleability
b) Ductility
c) Conductivity
d) Hardness
Answer: b) Ductility

In which phase of matter do particles have the highest kinetic energy?
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
d) Plasma
Answer: d) Plasma

Which element is known as the "king of chemicals" due to its wide range of industrial applications?
a) Sulfur
b) Nitrogen
c) Chlorine
d) Hydrogen
Answer: a) Sulfur

Which of the following is an acid?
a) NaOH
b) H2SO4
c) NH3
d) CH4
Answer: b) H2SO4

The atomic model where electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels is known as the:
a) Dalton model
b) Rutherford model
c) Bohr model
d) Quantum model
Answer: c) Bohr model

What is the most abundant element in the universe?
a) Hydrogen
b) Helium
c) Oxygen
d) Carbon
Answer: a) Hydrogen

Which of the following is an example of an exothermic reaction?
a) Photosynthesis
b) Baking bread
c) Combustion of fuels
d) Melting ice
Answer: c) Combustion of fuels

Which type of radiation has the highest energy?
a) Infrared
b) Visible light
c) Ultraviolet
d) Gamma rays
Answer: d) Gamma rays

The term used for the amount of matter per unit volume is called:
a) Mass
b) Weight
c) Density
d) Volume
Answer: c) Density

Which type of lens is thicker at the center than at the edges?
a) Convex lens
b) Concave lens
c) Bifocal lens
d) Cylindrical lens
Answer: a) Convex lens

Which organ in the human body is primarily responsible for detoxifying chemicals?
a) Kidney
b) Liver
c) Pancreas
d) Spleen
Answer: b) Liver

The force that pulls objects toward the center of the Earth is called:
a) Gravity
b) Friction
c) Magnetism
d) Inertia
Answer: a) Gravity

Which element is a noble gas?
a) Nitrogen
b) Argon
c) Oxygen
d) Carbon
Answer: b) Argon

What is the primary function of red blood cells?
a) Fight infections
b) Transport oxygen
c) Clot blood
d) Provide immunity
Answer: b) Transport oxygen

Which part of the atom contains positively charged particles?
a) Electron cloud
b) Neucleus
c) Valence shell
d) Orbital
Answer: b) Nucleus

Which type of chemical reaction involves the exchange of ions between two compounds?
a) Synthesis
b) Decomposition
c) Double displacement
d) Single displacement
Answer: c) Double displacement

The process by which liquid water changes into water vapor is called:
a) Condensation
b) Evaporation
c) Sublimation
d) Precipitation
Answer: b) Evaporation

Which of the following compounds is an alcohol?
a) Ethanol
b) Ethylene
c) Methane
d) Acetic acid
Answer: a) Ethanol

What is the unit of measurement for electric current?
a) Joules
b) Ohms
c) Amperes
d) Volts
Answer: c) Amperes

Which law states that the volume of a gas increases with an increase in temperature at constant pressure?
a) Charles's Law
b) Boyle's Law
c) Avogadro's Law
d) Dalton's Law
Answer: a) Charles's Law

Which of the following is NOT a type of electromagnetic radiation?
a) X-rays
b) Sound waves
c) Radio waves
d) Ultraviolet rays
Answer: b) Sound waves

What type of bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?
a) Ionic bond
b) Covalent bond
c) Metallic bond
d) Hydrogen bond
Answer: b) Covalent bond

The speed of a wave is determined by which two factors?
a) Wavelength and amplitude
b) Frequency and wavelength
c) Frequency and velocity
d) Amplitude and energy
Answer: b) Frequency and wavelength

What type of reaction involves a single reactant breaking down into two or more products?
a) Synthesis reaction
b) Decomposition reaction
c) Displacement reaction
d) Combustion reaction
Answer: b) Decomposition reaction

Which of the following is a property of acids?
a) Bitter taste
b) Slippery feel
c) Sour taste
d) Conduct electricity only when solid
Answer: c) Sour taste

What is the main gas found in the bubbles of carbonated beverages?
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Hydrogen
Answer: c) Carbon dioxide

Which instrument is used to measure temperature?
a) Barometer
b) Thermometer
c) Anemometer
d) Hygrometer
Answer: b) Thermometer

Which of the following phenomena demonstrates the particle nature of light?
a) Refraction
b) Reflection
c) Photoelectric effect
d) Diffraction
Answer: c) Photoelectric effect

Which chemical reaction type releases energy, usually in the form of heat?
a) Endothermic reaction
b) Exothermic reaction
c) Synthesis reaction
d) Decomposition reaction
Answer: b) Exothermic reaction

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom is known as:
a) Ionization energy
b) Electronegativity
c) Electron affinity
d) Electron potential
Answer: a) Ionization energy

What type of wave is created when the source of the wave is moving?
a) Standing wave
b) Transverse wave
c) Doppler wave
d) Longitudinal wave
Answer: c) Doppler wave

Which component of blood is responsible for clotting?
a) White blood cells
b) Plasma
c) Platelets
d) Red blood cells
Answer: c) Platelets

The force of attraction between molecules of the same substance is known as:
a) Cohesion
b) Adhesion
c) Tension
d) Friction
Answer: a) Cohesion

Which of the following is a characteristic of a chemical change?
a) Change in state
b) Change in color
c) Change in size
d) Change in shape
Answer: b) Change in color

Which gas is produced during the process of respiration?
a) Carbon monoxide
b) Oxygen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Nitrogen
Answer: c) Carbon dioxide

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
a) Produce hormones
b) Facilitate movement
c) Protect internal organs
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

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